长江三水府信仰源流考

马当上水府、采石中水府、金山下水府统称为长江三水府,是长江下游地区的地方性江神信仰,五代至宋盛极一时。历史上长江三水府的"水府"得名源于道教,五代时政治、军事形势的变化促进了这一信仰的形成。宋代长江三水府神因在战争中屡次显灵获得国家加封赐号,成为保国护境的水上神灵。此后长江三水府神职范围不断扩大,在庇佑国家社稷与水上交通之外增加了司雨职能。明清以后长江三水府信仰走向衰落。     

介绍两方古碑

《南源埠碑记》宽43公分,全长104公分(其中人土部份46公分),于清咸丰三年(1855)立于广州白云区龙归镇南村村西南的南源埠(码头)。1930年广花公路建成,20世纪60年代由政府扩充路面,铺上沥青成为106国道,陆路交通便利。作为龙归地区北上从化良口、南下广州     

试论春秋时期淮河流域之交通

春秋时期,淮河流域由于经济发展的加速,又由于地处晋、楚、吴、齐大国之间,各大国之间的交流、交往、战争．促使流域交通迅速发展。淮河干支流多已成为水上通途;“沟通陈蔡”及邗沟等人工运河的开凿,反映了其水运交通质的进步。诸如芍陂等水利工程,也为当地人民发展水运提供了便利。一些霸主还通过制定水利盟约,力图保证各国间水运的畅通。当时,各国问都有可通行车马的道路相连,新郑、陈、楚丘、徐等已成为地区间的交通枢纽,诸侯间的盟会也常于此流域召开。邮驿制度也通达于该流域。交通工具进步很快,道路管理制度亦得到各国的重视。交通的发展,对于流域政治、经济、军事的发展都起到了较大的促进作用。     

《诗经》所见先秦黄河流域的水上交通

<正> 水上交通的发达与船舶制造业的进步密切相关。至迟在殷商时期,黄河流域的先民已超越了“刳木为舟”的原始阶段,成熟的木舟已成为水运的主要手段,殷墟龟甲上经常出现“舟”字便很能说明问题。两周时期黄河流域水上交通更为发达,这在《经诗》中颇有反映。《诗·卫风·河广》云     

二十年代广西民办公路的兴起

广西近代公路的创建始于旧桂系陆荣廷统治时期,当时,以陆荣廷为首的桂系军阀忙于内战．维护封建割据,公路建设主要为军政服务,根本谈不上全盘规划,在此期间,广西只建成邕(宁)武(呜)、龙(卅1)水(口)、龙(州)南(镇南关)三段公路,共140公里,而且三路各不相通,交通极为不便。1925年,新桂系统一广西,全省“大兵之后,疮痍满目”,新桂系鉴于当时广西交通闭塞．施政困难,致力于交通建设．以期迅速改变厂西贫穷落后的面貌,为统治广西奠定经济基础。广西的交通一向以水路为     

汉代居延水资源开发利用新探

汉代居延水资源远较今日丰富,除了为发展水利灌溉、繁荣绿洲农业提供保障外,尚存在多样化的开发利用方式。梳理分析简牍资料可见,汉代居延地区拥有一定数量的船只,河流两岸物资运输、信息诏令传达、人员往来和"过(踰、济)居延"的大规模军事行动,可借助船只安全高效地实现。居延水资源对交通运输的负面影响得以转变,水上交通成为连接河流两岸陆路交通的有效途径。"居延河海多有鱼盐"。渔业资源既可改善人们的饮食生活,又能促进区域社会经济发展。在船只存在的前提下,汉代居延渔业可能获得较大发展,相关组织管理问题则有待资料充实后进一步研究。水资源在汉代居延边防系统建构方面发挥积极作用。某些情况下,船只可能被视为兵器,其水上巡逻与烽燧的陆上候望相辅相成。水门似乎也具有一定的防御作用。而"夹河"修治、设于"河水中"的天田也会增强防御系统效能。关于汉代居延水资源与其多样化的开发利用方式的探索,或许会对汉代"北边"生态史、交通史、社会经济史、军事史等领域的研究有所补益。     

试析红河地区传统交通的兴起与发展

红河地区的交通开发具有悠久的历史。以近代新式交通工具——铁路的出现为分界,以前的交通可以笼统概括为传统交通。红河水运和马帮运输是红河地区交通发展的两个重要组成部分,在近代新式交通出现以前,红河水运和马帮运输互相配合,成为沟通红河地区城乡间的主要交通运输方式。随着驿传制度而形成的驿道,也成为红河地区内部联系与交流的纽带。     

“福船”这个珍贵的文化符号

陆上交通靠车马,水上交通靠舟船。历经沧桑的我国古代造船业在当时是雄踞世界前列,西方欧洲也是望尘莫及。     

近代两湖地区的交通格局

晚清以降,两湖地区(湖北、湖南)的交通运输业出现了结构性变动,新式交通工具(轮船、铁路、汽车)成为近代工商实业能否持续发展的制约因素,也成为社会变迁的重要标志。不可忽视的是,传统的交通工具(如木船)并未退出历史舞台,而是伴随新生事物一同前行,在社会经济生活中扮演着不可替代的重要角色,与轮船等新式交通相楔合,形成多层次、多功能的交通格局。     

再论东汉吐舌镇墓兽

吐舌镇墓兽流行于东汉峡江地区,除峡江外又以南阳襄阳地区所出最为集中,本文对这两地的吐舌镇墓兽进行了梳理。通过与南阳画像石中灵怪形象的对比,认为两地均继承了巴楚鬼神崇拜传统的一些因素,具有相似的文化背景。南阳襄阳突出的交通区位优势也是镇墓兽在此出现的重要原因。同时指出吐舌镇墓兽在南阳襄阳地区主要流行于大中型墓葬中,这反映了峡江与中原地区在东汉时期可能存在着较为密切的互动。     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.