The Water Balance of the World's Continents and a Balance Estimate of the World's Freshwater Resources

The results of several years of investigation of the water balance of continents and the world's freshwater resources are presented. Through the use of interpolation relationships to make up for data gaps, maps are compiled for the basic elements of the water balance of the world: total runoff, including its surface and subsurface components, evaporation, gross wetness (soil moisture) and the coefficient of subsurface alimentation of streams, which reflects much of the stable component of streamflow. Revised estimates for the water-balance elements are offered for continents on the basis of revised data. The per capita water supply of continents is calculated, with separate listing of the stable component of runoff, consisting not only of the subsurface flow to streams but also the portion of surface streamflow that is regulated through lakes and reservoirs.     

地上宛若人间仙境 地下仿佛艺术殿堂——探秘“盐”的奇妙世界

<正>盐,虽然看似微小,却是我们每个人日常生活不可或缺的元素,现在的盐是廉价且常见的货物,而谁能想到就在几百年前,盐却是比金子更贵重的奢侈品,甚至被称为"白金"。当你沉浸在盐带给你味蕾的刺激和满足的时候,你是否会期待着盐带给你的视觉大餐呢?中国青海的茶卡盐湖和突尼斯的吉利特沙漠盐湖,虽地处不同的生态地理环境,却一样是天地相接,宛若人间仙境;萨尔茨堡盐矿和维利奇卡盐矿,同是地下埋藏的艺术宝藏,却有着不同的神秘故事和古老传说;你听说过玻利维亚的"天空之境"——乌尤尼盐湖,却不一定体验过用盐砌成的盐酒店,那里还有着许多     

On Natural Aquatic Complexes of the World's Oceans

The author, an exponent of the Soviet landscape school, proceeds from the assumption that the earth's natural environment is organized in terms of natural complexes that need to be identified and delimited. Landscape geographers have thus far focused on terrestrial landscapes, which occupy only 29% of the earth's surface. There is equal need for analysis of natural aquatic complexes, accounting for the remaining 71%. Aquatic complexes cannot be characterized only in terms of the sea surface; they must be analyzed in terms of the underlying water masses and their physical-chemical characteristics and organisms. Geographers working in this new branch of natural geography would require appropriate training.     

Logistic Population Growth in the World's Largest Cities

This article demonstrates that recent population growth in the world's largest cities has conformed to the general parameters of the logistic process. Using data recently provided by the United Nations, logistic population growth for 485 million-person cities is analyzed at 5-year intervals during 1950–2010, with the UN projections for 2015 adopted as upper limits. A series of ordinary least-squares regression models of increasing complexity are estimated on the pooled data. In one class of models, the logarithms of population proportions are specified to be linear in time, which is the standard approach, but in a second class of models those proportions are specified as being quadratic. The most complex models control logistic growth estimates for (i) city-specific effects (e.g., initial population), (ii) nation-specific effects (e.g., economic development, age distribution of population), and (iii) global coordinates (for unobserved effects). Moreover, the results are segregated according to each city's membership in four different growth clubs, which was an important finding of previous research.     

World's First Nightingale Award Male Winner

Balsang Dengzhub, a nursewith the Garze TibetanAutonomous Prefecture Peo-ple's Hospital, will remem-ber forever August 5, 2003.It was on that day he received the 39thNightingale Award certificate issued bythe International Red Cross from CPCGeneral Secretary and President Hu Jing-tao in the Great Hall of the People in Bei-jing. He thus became the first Tibetan towin the award named after the Britishmedical pioneer Florence Nightingale(1820-1910) and also the first Chinesemale.Balsa…     

World's Largest Pyramid Not Found in Tibet

QUESTION:Couldyoupleasesaysomethingaboutthenews?YANG:Franklyspeaking,theRussiannewsshockedTibetanstudyworkersandgeologistswhohavevisitedthatpeakmany,manytimes.ChangChengfa,anotedgeologistspecializedinstudyingtheQing-hai-TibetPlateau,wasalsostunnedtolearnoftheallegedfind.Wedis-cussedthematterwithgreatseriousnessandcouldfindnosignstosup-porttheRussianclaim.QUESTIoNS:CoulditbepossiblethattheRussianscientistsmistookmountainsaspyramids?YANG:Inmyview,theydidtakemountainsaspVramids.Inth…     

The World's Last Bastion Of Clean Land

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简论美国土地处理制度中的救济法案

救济法案在美国土地制度史上占有十分重要的地位。它为处于困境中的拓荒者提供了及时的帮助 ,稳定了拓荒队伍 ,促进了西部的快速开发。救济立法同时也反映出不同土地处理思想、不同政治利益集团和不同区域之间激烈的政治经济思想斗争。救济法案乃是在西部强大压力下制订的。救济法案的演变过程折射出美国土地制度不断走向民主的历程     

Regularities in the Quantitative Distribution of Biomass in the World's Land Areas and Oceans

The amount of biomass in the earth's land and water areas is calculated and mapped. Contrary to the long-held notions of huge, inexhaustible resources of organic matter in the oceans, biomass on land is found to be 200 times greater than in the oceans. The wet weight of phytoplankton in the oceans and of phytomass on land is roughly the same, but in terms of dry weight, primary production on land is three times greater than in the oceans. On land the amount and distribution of organic matter are largely a function of temperature and precipitation; in the oceans they depend on the upwelling and mixing of waters. Calculations of zooplankton biomass suggest similar values for a particular circulatory system in different oceans, with a high concentration of life in shelf zones. The distribution of organic matter both on land and in the oceans is distinguished by zonal patterns, though the symmetrical zonality on land is missing in the oceans.     

Utopians at the Parliament: The World's Parliament of Religions and the Columbian Exposition of 1893

This article examines the Columbian Exposition and World's Parliament of Religions, both held in Chicago in 1893. While both events drew on nineteenth-century beliefs in the superiority of Western Christianity, they reflect divergent views on technology, social inequality, and urban reform. The Exposition's "White City" offered visitors a temporary, otherwordly escape, whereas the World's Parliament emphasized the importance and possibility of concrete solutions to social problems. As such, these events express radically different forms of utopian speculation in Gilded-Age America.     

"在世界文化场域中的中日文化·文学"国际学术研讨会纪要

2006年9月1日至2日于东北师范大学举办了“在世界文化场域中的中日文化·文学”国际学术研讨会。本届国际学术研讨会由东北师范大学与日本早稻田大学联合举办,是继2002年7月之后双方举办的第二次国际学术研讨会。     

The World's Water Resources and their Changes Over Space and Time

A moisture cycle of 1800 to 2000 years has been established for the earth as a whole, and the present period represents a transition from a wet to a dry phase in which the amount of water in oceans is gradually increasing at the expense of water from the land surface. Runoff fluctuations on the land surface also follow cycles of varying duration. It has been established that wet periods in some sections of the earth's surface are always matched by dry periods elsewhere. A definite geographic localization of zones of synchronous and asynchronous runoff fluctuations can be used in long-range runoff forecasts, which are needed for water-budget and waterpower-potential calculations. Prospects for future elimination of the disproportion between water needs and water resources are suggested. Steps to overcome the growing pollution problem are also proposed.     

China's Shoe Manufacturing and the Wenzhou Model: Perspectives on the World's Leading Producer and Exporter of Footwear

A U.S.-based geographer and specialist on China advances his research on industrial districts and regional development by presenting a 2008 study of shoe manufacturing in Wenzhou (a major center in the world's largest footwear producing and exporting country). More specifically, the author examines how the model of economic development pioneered in Wenzhou (the Wenzhou model) has been transformed in an effort to meet the challenges posed by the global economy. He argues that the scaling up of Wenzhou's footwear industry, through the expansion of sales networks and factories across China and abroad, indicates that other adaptable city regions can overcome similar obstacles. The author challenges both the New Regionalism literature focused on local institutions and assets, as well as perspectives that overemphasize the benefits of globalization and global production networks. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: O100, O140, O180. 2 figures, 3 tables, 60 references.