试论南诏东进安南与岭南道的应对

唐前期所形成的"岭南五府"格局,在军事上呈现明显的以一府统四府的格局,其中安南本是防卫南诏的重要屏障。但随着大中、咸通之际南诏势力东进,交趾两次陷落,唐南疆防御体系受到重大冲击。然安南并未因此成为弃地,相反唐廷采取了一系列应对措施,从而引起岭南其他四府地位的变化。以岭南西道节度使的设立为标志,邕州战略地位凸显,成为唐代南疆边防体系的核心,容、广、桂则成为屯兵聚粮的后勤保障基地。这种以邕管为核心的岭南道防御体系一直持续到唐朝灭亡。     

“山南道”之成立

"山南"在两晋、北魏之世,主要指今南阳、商洛地区;西魏、北周时代,渐扩展到荆襄、梁汉及巴峡,包括今陕豫二省南部、湖北与重庆大部及川东地区。唐代的"山南道",实为承绪西魏北周以来"山南"的地域观念和政治格局而来,并非仅据"山川形便"所划定。     

唐后期陇右失陷与京畿安全危机述略

在唐朝前期,黄河中下游的富庶农耕区和陇右东部可以养育马匹的半农半牧区,犹如国家强盛的左右臂膀。及至"安史之乱"后,吐蕃攻占陇右,唐之右臂断绝;河北与江淮间藩镇割据抗命,唐之左膀近乎瘫痪,帝国雄强气象,无由再振。从军事地理角度观察,陇右失陷对唐后期京畿安全的直接影响是关中暴露,京城危迫;党项部落东徙,扰攘关中十余年。间接影响是陇右的监牧丧失导致"马政"剧衰,若干羁縻府州及其部落兵损失,致使唐朝骑兵软弱,军力下降,综合国力严重削弱。而唐朝保卫京畿,缓解危机的重大措施,就是将关内道的军防重心从北面转到西面,即建立起京西、京北八镇军防新体系,阻遏戎寇,历经80余年顽强抗御,终使关中免沦左衽。     

唐代行宫考逸

有唐一代,广建行宫．考诸史籍,关中之外的唐代行官约有２７座,其中６座绍 继隋代。除了奉高官位于河北道和晋阳宫、龙池宫、汾阳宫、飞龙宫位于河东道,其余的关外唐 代行宫皆在河南道,这是因为洛阳是唐代陪都,河南是唐代都江之地。     

从蜀墓腰坑的设置看巴蜀文化与关中文化的交流

从蜀墓腰坑的设置看巴蜀文化与关中文化的交流●彭文巴蜀与关中相连,早在殷周时期,巴蜀民族就已越过了米仓山、大巴山、秦岭等天然屏障,与中原文化进行交流（四川彭县竹瓦街出土的一批窖藏青铜器的形制及其花纹、铭文①和广汉三星堆遗址两个祭祀坑的窖藏②都充分说明了...     

从蜀墓腰坑的设置看巴蜀文化与关中文化的交流

从蜀墓腰坑的设置看巴蜀文化与关中文化的交流彭文巴蜀与关中在地理位置上连理,早在殷周时期,巴蜀民族就已越过了米仓山脉、大巴山脉,秦岭等天然屏障,与中原文化进行交流（四川彭县竹瓦街出土的一批窖藏青铜器的形制及其上花纹,铭文①和广汉三星堆遗址两个祭祀坑的窖...     

唐状元张曙与巴中南龛山麓《击瓯楼赋并序》

张曙,晚唐著名状元,祖籍河南南阳人（一说成都人）,唐尚书右丞张之侄,亦是其门下从事。唐广明元年（公元880年）黄巢进军长安,信宗怆惶逃蜀,曙和叔父张、神策兵都头王建等,是扈从僖宗入蜀的重要臣僚。不久,黄巢被平定,但其溃师仍四处犯州,加之宦官田今孜弄权,在成都的流亡小朝廷,号令所行,唯河西、山南、剑南、岭南数州。为牢牢控制山南西道诸州,僖宗除今尚书左丞卢渥充山南西道留守,遣王建戍守三泉（古利州之绵谷今宁强之前身）．并遥领壁州（今四川通江）刺史,晋晖领集州（今四川南江）刺史,张造领万州（今四川万源）刺…     

略谈先秦时期关中与汉中之交往及其道路问题

关中自古土地肥沃,有四塞之固.《史记·货殖列传》说其“膏壤沃野千里,自虞夏之贡以为上田”,是传统的农业地区.汉中亦沃野,自然条件与巴蜀相似,《禹贡》说其产“璆、铁、银、镂、砮、磬、熊、罴、狐、狸、织皮”等方物,主要是金属、玉石、皮毛之类,与关中之产正好互补,这就导致了贸易之往来.汉中又是关中与巴蜀之间的跳板,也可浮汉江东下荆越,其地理位置的重要也是不言而喻的.     

“西南”区域地理概念及范围的历史演变

"西南"区域地理概念及范围经历了长期的发展演变历程。先秦时期的"西南"主要包括巴和蜀。汉晋时期,"西南"区域概念正式确立,包括巴蜀和西南夷地区。唐宋时期,狭义的西南是指唐、宋王朝疆域内的西南地区,即唐代的剑南道、山南西道、黔中道,宋代的川峡四路;广义的西南还包括疆域外的南诏(大理)以及其它一些民族和王国。明清时期疆域内的"西南"出现了三种主要观点,较之前代范围有所扩大。近现代的"西南"概念发生了重大变化,只包括国家疆域内的西南各地。"西南"概念及范围受地理方位、地理环境、行政区划等因素的影响,具有动态性、模糊性、相对稳定性等特征,还有民族、边疆、政区、经济等多重含义。     

唐代“蜀”之地望辨正

唐人诗文常言及"蜀",诸家多解其地域为今之"巴蜀"。其实在唐人观念中,"蜀"除为历史名词外,尚作为界域有别于"巴蜀"的感觉文化区存在。考唐人所称之"蜀",其境仅在剑南一道,东界于山南,北、西、南三面分别以大巴山、西山与大渡河为限。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.