明清时期皖北地区健讼风习探析

明清时期,皖北地区水旱灾害频发.连年的灾荒,加之诸如经济、政治等多重因素的助推,健讼之风在明清时期的皖北各地普遍兴起.在是风乃俗的支配下,皖北民间习于诉讼,以健讼为武.其争讼主要围绕经济利益而展开,或为争夺田土,或因避水害,或出于讹诈财物;讼争的性质不是出于维护自身的正当权利,而是为了侵蚀或牺牲对方的利益,以貌似合法的手段达到非法的目的.此类健讼对明清以来皖北地区社会风习的负向发展具有极大的影响作用.对于近古以来民间的健讼行为和习俗,我们绝对不能一概予以积极的评价,而应从诉讼双方的具体情况出发,实事求是地看待这一社会历史现象.     

古罗马前期刑事诉讼模式与动力探析

在古罗马的前期,犯罪行为按照“公犯”与“私犯”进行划分,与此相适应,刑事诉讼程序也被区分为基本的两类,即“公犯之诉”与“私犯之诉”。本文以两类诉讼制度、事实为根据分析了古罗马刑事诉讼的动力和诉讼模式的特征,以期对我们今天在不同的诉讼制度之间进行选择与取舍起到一些借鉴作用。     

《周礼》"肺石"之制与"路鼓"之制考

直诉制度是我国古代政治法律制度的一个组成部分,即指某些重大案情或冤抑莫伸者,可超出一般诉讼管辖和诉讼程序的范围,直接向最高统治者申诉。关于古代直诉制度的记载,最早见于《周礼》中的“路鼓”和“肺石”之制。《周礼.秋官.大司寇》:“以肺石达穷民。凡远近茕独、老幼之欲     

从“无讼”到“好讼”:明清时期的法律观念及其司法实践

明清两代正处于一个社会的变迁时期。若以法律诉讼为视角,社会史层面确乎发生了巨大的转向,亦即从"乡土社会"逐渐向"好讼"社会转变。于是,"无讼"的理想与"好讼"的现实必然产生冲突。其冲突的结果,则使明清两代的学者与官员对"无讼"重新进行理性的思考,认定"无讼"并非是一种无为而治的理想世界,而是通过具体的"听讼"过程而达到司法公正。随之而来的则是"息讼"观念的流行,以及"息供"、"省词讼"一类司法实践行为的普遍化。     

浅析洪武时期直诉制度

直诉制度源远流长,是统治阶级为稳固统治基础而对常规法律做出的重要补充与完善,至明洪武时期更是被朱元璋广泛运用并发展。其主要形式有登闻鼓、邀车驾、上表面奏、绑官进京、为官请命等,这些措施对明初社会的稳定和发展起到了重要作用。     

埃斯奇奈斯《诉提马尔霍斯》涉同性恋法律译注

《诉提马尔霍斯》是古希腊演说家埃斯奇奈斯所撰诉讼演说,上载涉同性恋诸法律,比较全面地反映了古希腊人对同性恋行为的态度,展示了其背后的法律以及制度诸因素。经分析可知,古希腊人并不禁止同性恋行为,但雅典人将从事性交易者排除在城邦政治之外,情节严重者甚至会丧失公民权。     

论古代中国之厌讼

“无讼”是我国延续了几千年的一种法律传统,是中国古代法律文化的最重要的价值取向,也是儒家学说在政治方面所持的目标之一,“听讼,吾犹民也,而必使无讼乎”。而厌讼,则是一个人从心理角度对诉讼(俗称“见官”、“打官司”)所持的一种否定、厌恶、排斥的态度。要达到统治者期望的无讼状态,使百姓厌讼不失为一种有效的方法。本文试图从国家政治制度对诉讼设置的种种障碍以及司法制度本身的局限性的角度,论述中国古代厌讼观念产生的原因。     

北洋时期基层社会的缠讼:李希明与荣坤等地亩互控案

北洋时期,中国近代司法改革逐渐在基层社会推行。发生在北京附近三河县与顺义县的李希明与荣坤等地亩互控案展示了基层社会缠讼的变与不变,反映了法律变迁的复杂性。该案显示了缠讼的一些特征,如诉讼时间长,涉案人员多,原被告纠缠在一起,诉讼文书多,提审次数多,各方受尽讼累。缠讼往往源于冤屈未申,涉讼者随世事变化而重启讼端,旧案受理规则与诉讼时效制度不能很好地遏制缠讼案件的受理,民间调处不能有效疏导冤屈,以及执行难问题的存在都会让缠讼不断发展。北洋时期,尚无一套有效机制来阻止一些与案件并无密切关系的个人、群体,乃至行政机关对审判进程发生影响,上级司法机关也对缠讼施加压力,涉讼者和审判官则穿梭于各种力量之间。     

论知识产权中请求确认不侵权之诉

知识产权中确认不侵权之诉,在国外是一种通行的诉讼,在我国则是近年来出现的一种新型的案件,无论在理论上还是在司法实践中对这一新型的诉讼都存在广泛的争议。因此,结合民事诉讼的相关理论,从实然与应然的角度分析确认不侵权之诉的法律性质、受理条件以及对这一案件的法院管辖权,对这类纠纷的解决应有所裨益。     

“无讼”法律传统的积极意义

本文叙述了"无讼"法律传统的积极意义,包括重视道德教化,与助于预防犯罪,促进以德治国与依法治国的有机结合,倡导非诉讼的纠纷解决方式,有利于人民调解制度的建立与完善以及"无讼"思想对于构建和谐社会的积极影响。通过上述论述,寻找其中有益部分,使其对我国的法治现代化建设和构建社会主义和谐社会事业有所裨益。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.