LETTERS

Dear Editor, Ref.To our tele talk to day,I have the honour to write you as you claimed that"Rarely do journalist challenge the Dalai Lama". Dalai Lama is an hypocrite who used to systematically fool people and his principle of peace are too bogus,he must be stopped in the frame work of peace as his fol-lowers are sluggish and kept themself burried under ignorance.     

RIGZIN SHERAB,A MAKER FROMTHE MAINLANDTIBETAN CLASS

<正>If it were not for seeing him in person,one would have thought the Tibetan man to be someone from literature.He wears loose clothes with a shiny dark pigtail on the back of his head,and every now and then,he breaks out in a few classic sayings made by Deng Xiaoping,a recent president of China.25 years ago,Rigzin Sherab left Tibet to go study in mainland China for the first time.Looking out of the window     

生机勃勃的藏东南

It was not long ago that I took National Highways 318,212,and 317 to get to Nyingchi and Chamdo and conduct various interviews.The place is a mysterious land in the southeastern reaches of Tibet,and while I was there,I saw development and vitality everywhere as a result of the prosperity sweeping across the region.     

生机勃勃的藏东南（英文）

正It was not long ago that I took National Highways 318,212,and 317 to get to Nyingchi and Chamdo and conduct various interviews.The place is a mysterious land in the southeastern reaches of Tibet,and while I was there,I saw development and vitality everywhere as a result of the prosperity sweeping across the region.     

A TIBETAN CHINESE COUPLE'S GOLDEN MARRIAGE

<正>"My colleague said to me,'Why not get divorced?He is bound to be disabled,'but I did not do it.I could not do it with a Tibetan conscience,"Tsering Sonam,the 75-year-old Ama,said lightly as she recalled thescene from 44 years ago.This is a story about this old Tibetan woman and her Chinese husband,Zhang Huaxiang.Hand in hand,they have lived together for 50years.Tsering Sonam's husband only     

Koh, Khee Heong, A Northern Alternative: Xue Xuan (1389-1464) and the Hedong School

How did a Neo-Confucian scholar who built no academies,who actually discouraged interested students from studying with him,and whose followers did not have a strong sense of group identity become the first scholar enshrined in the Ming dynasty's imperial Confucius Temple? This is the question that Khee Heong Koh seeks to answer in writing this masterful study of the Ming Neo-Confucian master Xue Xuan.After all,admission into that temple's rolls was a rare honor,one carefully controlled by every imperial court.Only four men were enshrined over the entire Ming dynasty,and Xue is interesting not only because he was the first to be enshrined,but also because he was the only one of the four from northern China.Koh provides us with a detailed picture of this heretofore largely forgotten scholar-official and how he came to be thus enshrined.But this is not simply a biographical study;Koh also problematizes the monolithic understanding of Ming China as having been completely captivated by the Wang Yangming School of Neo-Confucianism.     

Li, Feng and David Prager Branner,eds., Writing and Literacy in Early China: Studies from the Columbia Early China Seminar

This welcome new collaborative volume tells a story that has not been investigated adequately:the rise and spread of literacy in ancient China.While there is a large bibliography of studies of the writing system itself,few scholars have addressed the question of literacy,that is,how writing was used in society,how people were taught to read and write,and how the practice advanced both geographically from the center to the periphery,and socially from the elite to what one of the contributors calls "the lower orders." Feng Li and David Prager Brarmer are to be applauded for bringing together eleven engrossing articles representing the finest scholarship in English and immensely clarifying these crucial phenomena.Constraints of space preclude consideration of each chapter in this long and carefully annotated book;1 in what follows,I shall attempt to sketch what the book accomplishes and the evidence on which it relies.     

Official Life： Homoerotic Self-Representation and Theater in Li Ciming＇s Yuemantang Riji

Homoerotic play was central to the recreational culture of theatergoing from the mid-Qing to the beginning of the twentieth century, especially in Beijing. Theatergoing literati in particular played an important role in the production and reproduction of an elite, theater-based, homoerotic sub-culture, heavily investing themselves in the pursuit of social distinction. While it is important not to underestimate the importance of lower-status audiences in the popularisation of Peking opera, the literati doubtlessly considered themselves the aesthetic vanguard in terms of both the judgment of staged drama and the literary promotion of romances between themselves and the boy-actors offstage. Unlike ＂flower-guides＂ （Huapu） that circulated between friends, diaries from the period record private thoughts on the scene that would not, and could not, be expressed in public. Drawing on the diary of the influential late-Qing scholar-official Li Ciming （1830-94）, I focus on the question of how an understanding of public participation entered Li＇s diaries, as well as examining what his self-representations have to say about Qing literati ownership of homoerotic sensibilities and spaces, which is to say, how he saw himself as presenting to others and how that self-presentation is （re-）presented in his writing.     

DONKEY FODDERS OF THE HOUSE OF THE LADY AND DECLINE OF URUKAGINA＇S REGIME FROM HIS FIFTH YEAR

In JAC16, I have discussed the development of the House of the Lady in Girsu from the rule of Enentarzi to Lugalanda according to the ration lists of the House,which include the fodder lists, and concluded that Urukagina was the legal successor of Lugalanda and there might not be the so-called “reforms of Urukagina” in Lagash and Girsu. In this article, I would like to continue to investigate the kinds, number and fodders of the donkeys from the rule of Enentarzi to the end years of Urukagina and tried to find the clues for the decline of Lagash under Uruka~ina.     

FOOD AND DRINK FOR THE KING, QUEEN, OFFICIALS AND ANCESTORS IN THE HOUSE OF THE LADY IN GIRSU

In JAC 16 I have discussed the development of the House of the lady in Girsu from the rule of Enentarzi to Lugalanda according to the ration lists of the House, and concluded that Urukagina was the legal successor of Lugalanda and there might not be the so-called ＂reforms of Urukagina＂ in Lagash and Girsu. That was the first part of my studies on the administrative texts from Girsu. In JAC 19 I have investigated, according to the donkey fodder rations which are recorded in the first part of the List of Monthly Barley-Wheat Distributions and Allowances （ξe-gar ziz-gar sa-dug4 itid-da）, the sorts, number and fodders of the donkeys from the rule of Enentarzi to the last years of Urukagina and found that from Urukagina Year 5, ii （2nd month）, the daily fodders and the number of various donkeys were greatly reduced.     

三百六十五里路

What kind of roads have you traveled on?Perhaps the mountain path you walked on behind your mother?Or the bridleway on which you left your hometown?I have not walked on those roads,but I am going to tell you about a road along which the peach trees blossom.     

HADA PRESENTED TO THE PORTRAIT OF MAO ZEDONG

When I was a child, Mother changed old hada scarfpresented to the portrait of Chairman Mao Zedong with new one before the advent of the Tibetan New Year. The portrait stood above the Tibetan cabinet in the central part of our house. My sisters and brothers, and I were brought togeth-er, and we were not sup-posed to speak while Moth-er did this with great respect."Mom, why should we do this every year?" I onceasked Mother."Son, he is none other than our savior," Mother told me.When I gre…     

NYIMA SICHUL:BUILDING A “HUAXI DREAM” IN TIBET

正The weather has turned warm,the pastures green,and Nyima Sichul is busy again.He can be seen in every corner of the village,building irrigation canals and roads,tending to elderly people with no family,and providing I employment services.The villagers come to him with all kinds of issues,and he always goes out of his way to help them,and bears responsibility without grudge.Not only that,he has worked out ways to bring in more income for the     

The Authentic Record of the Livelihood of Tibetans Living on the Snowy Plateau-The documentary ＂A Year in Tibet＂ Attracts Worldwide Attention

＂This year, I have seemingly become a famous movie star as my name is well-known amongst many overseas tourists traveling to Gyantse. It is incredible to me that this documentary series had such a great influence after being broadcasted all over theworld. I remember the time when Sun Shuyun （the director of the documentary） came to invite me to be the main character of the documentary and be followed everyday with a camera behind me. To some extent, I did feel frustrated during that particular period.＂     

NAMING THE GREEKS IN THE ARCHAIC PERIOD:“PANHELLENES,” “HELLENES,” “HELLAS” AND THE NOTION OF PANHELLENISM

The labels “Hellenes” and “Hellas” are often considered to be collective names for the Greeks and have a close connection with the term “Panhellenes.” This article studies the process of naming the Greeks in the Archaic period and the relationship between these collective names and the notion of Panhellenism. By a literary and etymological examination of the relevant sources, it suggests that the designation “Hellenes” probably did not evolve from that of “Panhellenes” and that the terms “Hellenes” and “Hellas,” but not “Panhellenes,” probably have generic significance in the sixth century. Furthermore, with the Olympic Games and the Hellenion, a Greek sanctuary in Naucratis, as two study cases, the article shows the complexity of the development of Greek identification. On the one hand, collective names like “Hellenes” and “Hellas” have a centripetal force on trans-regional occasions, and on the other, those events also feature competition, privilege and express civic identities of both individual and community, which seems to be divisive.     

LEAVING THE MOUNTAINS TO SEE THE OUTSIDE WORLD

<正>Pema from Nyilok Village is one of the many undergraduates since the beginning of China's reform and opening up who comes from a mountainous area within Shangri-la.Although his grandmother passed away many years ago,Pema often thinks back to her telling him of the story of"eating books".When he was a child,he did not like to study and was quite the neighborhood troublemaker.His     

QULHC

What is ＂Qulho＂？
＂Qu＂ is water and ＂Lho＂ is electricity. Therefore, a literal translation of＂Qulho＂ is ＂water electricity＂. It is, in fact, a hydroelectric plant including a small generator that produces power as water flows through it. Half of the houses in the village have a Qulho connection. When you come to Yerpa, please do not be shocked by the cobweb of wires everywhere. These wires were strung-up by villagers to run their Qulho power supply.     

RECOLLECTION ON CONSTRUCTION OF Damxung Airport

One day in April 1956, the Gaxag government of Tibet summoned me to the office where Galoon Soikang Wangqen Geleg and some others told me: "the Central Government has decided to build the Damxung Airport. The Tibet Work Committee has decided to put you in charge of the task."The news filled me with excitement, as it would be the first airport to be constructed in Tibet.On the second day, in Lhasa, I met with representatives of various counties in Nyingchi, Shannan, Xigaze and Nanggarze…     

Fish and Fishing In Lhasa

Traditionally, the Tibetansrefrain from eating fish, andfishing naturally did not pre-viously exist in the region asa business. Unlike people inother parts of Tibet, however, people inLhasa have handled fish as a business andwith success. And these "fishermen" areall authentic Tibetans."Fish are foam in water and everyonecan eat it, and so do I as a lama," they say."Even the emperor is not able to tastefish caught in spring, but fish caught insummer and autumn is shunned even bybeggars," the…     

'Chairman Mao Has Sent His Men Here'——Eyewitness to the Founding of the Tibet Autonomous Region

I have known old Toinzhub foryears. After only one meeting, heseemed to sense what was on mymind and could always talk aboutmy favorite subject. A day passesby slowly along with his sips of liquorand his vivid and detailed narration.That noon, I met the old man in thecourtyard and invited him to have a drinkand chat in my home. As the liquor tookhold, he began to talk freely of the eventsof the past forty years.In 1965, when the Tibet AutonomousRegion was founded, he was 21 and wasstudying …