干宝故居考察记

永嘉元年 (公元 30 7年 ) ,干宝初仕晋为盐官 (今浙江省海宁市监官镇 )州别驾。后因刘聪、石勒之乱 ,西晋亡 ,东晋立 ,南北对峙 ,干宝徙家盐之灵泉乡。据《干氏宗谱》载 ,干宝故居背靠青山 ,面向宫河 ,西南通黄湾。南朝萧梁时 ,干宝的五世孙干朴舍宅为真如寺。该寺废而复兴不知     

敦煌石室《晋史》写本乃孙盛《晋阳秋》考

敦煌石室《晋史》写本记录东晋太兴二年二月至六月间事,属编年体,其文献归属迄今未有定论。先唐众家编年体晋史,“多用《左氏》以易旧闻”这一特点为孙盛《晋阳秋》所专有,敦煌石室《晋史》写本与其表现出惊人的一致。先唐编年体晋史记录东晋元帝朝事者有曹嘉之《晋纪》、邓粲《晋纪》、孙盛《晋阳秋》、刘谦之《晋纪》四家。敦煌石室《晋史》写本和孙盛《晋阳秋》为追求叙事的完整性而打破年月限制的特点完全契合。与此同时,敦煌石室《晋史》写本对王敦的评价和《晋阳秋》一致而与邓粲《晋纪》相左又为追寻写本的归属指明了方向。上述证据表明,敦煌石室《晋史》写本当钞录自孙盛《晋阳秋》。     

《晋纪》编纂与庾、王之争

干宝曾任职著作,这段史官经历与其编纂《晋纪》之间存在着密切联系。本文通过考辨干宝的仕历与《晋纪》编纂的关系,认为干宝之撰史应主要在东晋成帝年间其第二次出任史官之时,上限不早于咸和四年二月,下限不晚于咸康二年三月。当此之时,随着庾、王矛盾的激化,建康政界亦发生着分化,时任史官的虞预不为王导所信任,而另一位史官王隐则带着一部尚未完成的晋史投奔了庾亮。在某种意义上,庾亮、王导围绕争夺历史解释权在有意无意间形成了对峙,而干宝作为王导亲近之人,其复掌史任及编纂国史《晋纪》之背后实际上体现出的是王导的政治意志。     

干宝生平略考──纪念干宝逝世1650周年

干宝字令升,今河南省新蔡县人。其祖统,三国时为吴奋武将军、都亭（今湖北省恩施市）侯;父莹,字明叔,号无瑕,为吴丹阳（今安徽省当涂县东）丞,进封立节都尉;母桓氏。兄庆,字源长,仕晋为武宁县令;嫂魏氏。 干宝是我国东晋初期著名的思想家、史学家和文学家。其《搜神记》是我国流传下来的最早的短篇小说集,堪称中国小说的鼻祖。干宝的著作,对中国文化有极广泛和深远的影响。但正如刘知几所说：“知宝者稀,知音盖寡。” 了解干宝的人,与干宝作品的影响相比较,极不相称。很多人看过电影黄梅戏《天仙配》,知道元代剧作家关汉卿…     

论干宝的史学思想

干宝,字令升,河南新蔡人,两晋之际著名史学家和文学家。他“少勤学,博览书记。”①,而尤潜心史学。著述达二十四种之多②。编年体的西晋史《晋纪》为其史著的代表作,当时“咸称良史”③,备受学者推崇。但由于干氏所著全然散佚,以致长期以来其史学成就湮没无闻。拙文钩稽佚文,拟就干宝的史学思想略陈管见。在我国封建社会史上,两晋是社会矛盾重重、危机四伏、战争频仍的动荡时代。在政治上,统治集团内部矛盾、阶级矛盾和民族矛盾相互交错,使政局动荡不安,在经济上,士族地主椎埋攻剽,多畜奴婢,田宅无限,而广大劳动人民啼饥号寒,濒于死亡绝境;在思想上,“主爱雕虫,家弃章句”④,长期以来占据统治地位的儒家思想退居次要地位,继之而起的是老庄哲学和佛、道两教的兴盛,玄虚放诞之风和宗教瘴气笼罩了整个思想界。干宝生活在这种纷繁杂沓的社会环境之中,错综复杂的历史情况使其史学思想极其丰富,综核其要,条析如次。     

关于中国史学传统的继承问题——读《清通鉴》

中华民族血脉及其文化从古至今连绵延续、未曾有过中断的重要原因之一 ,是有着良好的修史史学传统。通鉴体 (编年体 )是修史传统中重要的一种体例。在现代社会 ,这种编年体体例仍是必要的。《清通鉴》就是颇可称道的这种体例的史学巨著     

《明孝宗实录》编纂思想探析

《明孝宗实录》是明朝中期纂修的一部重要官修史书,其编纂方式带有资料汇编的性质。该书在诏令、奏疏的收录和人物传记的撰写及评论等方面都体现了直书实录的编纂思想,而且还首次专设"稽考参对"官以保证纂修质量。孝宗皇帝被誉为"中兴圣主",后人对其虚怀纳谏、勤于召对等事迹的传播,以及对其施政措施的借鉴主要来源于《明孝宗实录》的记载,反衬了实录纂修中垂训后世、以史资治的思想。《明孝宗实录》还是一部以帝王为中心的编年史,纂修官出于君臣之义以及现实考量,又要塑造出高大丰满的贤君形象,体现了为尊者讳的编纂思想。     

中国古代修史的传统及其对国史研究的重要启示

编纂历史是一门大学问 ,中外古今许多历史学家都曾研究过。中国是世界上惟一有几千年不间断历史记录的国家 ,一是因为中国人历史意识强烈 ,认识到历史学的重要性 ,以研究、编写历史作为自己的责任 ;二是因为有制度上的保证 ,即开馆修史 ,专门设立国史馆、历史研究所、历史编纂的机构。在中国史学著作很多 ,主要的题材有传记体、编年体和记事本末体 ;中国的史学评论也很多 ,并且明确提出了对史学家的要求 ,即史才、史学、史识。当代史与现实密切相关 ,具有强烈的政治性 ,修史者必须有正确的立场、观点和方法 ,同样一件史实 ,从不同的政治立场看待 ,会有截然不同的看法和评价     

《明孝宗实录》修纂凡例探析

《明孝宗实录》在《明实录》中具有承前启后的地位,其凡例的书写也颇具特色。其规定的书写范围与正德初期的政治环境有密切关系,体现了编纂官的政治倾向,同时根据孝宗朝时代特点有所损益。其修纂内容绝大部分属于国家治理的范畴,旨在记录当时国家机器的职能与运作。该凡例为《明孝宗实录》资料的选取提供了方向与标准,具有重要的指导作用。然而由于其规定较为笼统,导致该书出现某些内容记载矛盾、模糊不清等失误。这便要求官方修史时,需制定更为详细而明确的编纂凡例。     

东汉以后编年体的发展与史学的普及

东汉以后编年体的发展,已有不少文章作过论述,但很少有人将这一发展与史学的普及联系起来。笔者认为,这对史书体裁、乃至整个史学史的研究来说,是一个不小的缺憾。因为中国古代史学之所以闻名于世,很大程度上得益于史学的普及,而编年体史书在这方面发挥了重要作用。这一点,在纪传体日益兴起并居主导地位的东汉以后,尤为突出。编年体与纪传体是中国古代最重要的两种史书体裁。然而,二者不仅在编撰形式上有较大差别,在史学发展中所担当的角色也不相同:纪传史是专业性史书,读者主要是专业工作者和士大夫;编年史则具有更多的普及性,主要服务于一般的读者。可以说,中国古代大多     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.