明代顺天府地区巡检司的设置、演变与分布研究

巡检司是明代维护基层治安的重要机构,顺天府地区作为明代的首善之区和边关重地,前后共设置了22个巡检司。通过对这些巡检司的设立时间、裁革时间、衙署驻地及治所迁移情况进行详细考证,发现这些巡检司大多分布在长城沿线重要的关口或运河沿线主要的节点附近,其中最重要的地方有两处,分居京师东西两翼,分别在京师西部山区和京东运河沿线。这两条线关系着京师西部的治安和东部的漕运,因此一直受到重视,巡检司分布得较为均衡,且长期稳定。从数量上看,明初洪武年间巡检司较少,永乐年间设置的巡检司最多,并奠定了此后顺天府地区巡检司分布的基本格局。弘治末年至正德初年,巡检司数量达到最高峰。此后由于国家财政的困难,巡检司在嘉靖年间被大量裁革,它们对基层的控制也日渐式微。     

《清史稿·地理志》巡检司项校正

巡检司是清代最基层的国家行政机构之一,在社会治安和公共事务方面具有极重要的职能。《清史稿.地理志》以宣统三年(1911年)为限,对全国各府、厅、州、县巡检司的设置作了记载,但讹误、疏漏较为严重,本文将其中111处失误依致误原因归纳为七类:不明巡检司废置年代而误;不明巡检司归属而误;不明巡检司名称而误;漏记;误驿丞兼巡检事为巡检司;存疑;点校之误,每类下又分若干种情形,一一作了校正。     

浅析明代应天府的巡检司

巡检司作为明代的基层社会治安组织,具有巡逻盘诘、巡缉私盐、缉捕盗贼及协同防御等功能,但是位于不同地理位置的巡检司巡逻及缉捕的主体不同.位于江防防线上的应天府,作为京师的重要府城,在沿江以及周围县城的关隘错落着十一所巡检司.通过对应天府巡检司在江防中的兵力设置、信地防守及运作方式的研究,能够进一步探究巡检司所发挥的作用及...     

清代四川巡检司时空分布补正——以方志和档案为中心

清代四川巡检司的设置以雍正八年(1730)、乾隆元年(1736)为两个重要节点。清军入川以后到雍正七年,巡检司以大量裁撤为主。在吴宏郡的研究的基础上,修正根本性的错误,统一体例,清初四川巡检司的裁撤时间进一步精确。从雍正八年开始到乾隆元年,巡检司以大量添设为主,乾隆二年以后趋于稳定。在胡恒的研究的基础上,补充方志、档案等资料,雍正以后四川巡检司的时空分布全部精确到年。同时结合官缺制度和巡检职权的变化进行简要分析,进一步认识和理解清代四川巡检司的置废原因和时空分布规律。     

“司”的设立与明清广东基层行政

明清基层社会管理制度转型中,州县捕巡官员的分辖是一个令人关注的现象,尤其以广东最为典型。自明代中后期开始,巡检司直接统辖乡堡,清初典史、驿丞等开始具有辖地,至雍正五年县丞、主簿等佐贰官也纷纷移驻乡村,并最终通过乾隆二年吏部行文将捕巡官员分划辖境的管理方式从局部区域推广至广东全省,事实上形成了县下一级行政单元的雏形。捕巡官员在基层社会发挥了有限但又广泛的行政职能,与乡绅形成共治乡村的关系,得到官方和民间的双重认可,其辖区具有了统一名称——"司"。广东并非孤例,清代尤其是乾隆年间以后全国各地大量出现类似捕巡官分划辖境的现象,构成一种全国性的州县分辖制度,代表着国家将行政机构向县以下渗透的初步尝试,由此传统以县为界将皇权、绅权视作"双轨政治"的认识就具有了重新思考的必要。     

论明清时期海南巡检司的分布格局及其意义

明清时期,海南巡检司的分布格局发生明显变化,明代主要分布于沿海地带,入清之后逐渐向内陆山地迁移。空间格局变迁反映了海南巡检司的主要功能从海防转向黎民控制,是"外海内黎"军事地理格局在不同时期变化发展的生动反映。经过长期的演变和调整,清中叶以后海南巡检司的布局逐渐稳定,以一县一司的情况最为常见,强调巡检司应保持一定范围的管辖区域,体现出"次县级政区"的特征。     

清代广州府属巡检司研究

一、巡检司之设置 清代广州府领县十四,共设巡检司三十有七。各县所辖巡检司之数额多寡不一,多者至六巡司,少者只一巡司,各视其具体情形而定。 作为一级政权基层组织,了解其司署规制、皂役配置、官俸役食及巡检其任等,无疑是有意义的。下面试分而述之。     

明代卫所经历司制度浅析

经历司是明代在卫所中设置的一个职能广泛但级别很低的文职机构。由于制度设计上的缺陷,经历司并没能充分发挥其职能。从明中叶开始,明朝政府开始着手改良经历制度,但囿于祖制,未能对其进行彻底的改革。     

明朝封授西藏地方官员的印章

自十三世纪以来,西藏地方的主要官员都由中央政府任免。八思巴及其继承者以致万户长等基层官员都是由元朝直接封授。到了明代,自都指挥使司到千户、寨官、巡检等各级官员概由明朝中央政府决定他们的更替和升迁。各地的宗教首领,明朝也分别敕     

客司与归义军的外交活动

客司是归义军节度使府中诸司机构之一 ,负责归义军与周边政权之间的外事交往活动。本文利用敦煌出土文书 ,结合唐末宋初归义军所处的周边环境 ,对客司机构作了初步的考证 ,探讨了客司的外交职能及其有关外交活动。得出客司的长官为都客将 ,一般由节度押衙兼任 ,下属有知客将多员。金山国时客司一度改称为鸿胪寺 ,但为时不长     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.