宋代的地租形态

地租是研究封建社会经济的一个重要课题。它是立基于封建土地所有制的分配关系,或称之曰剥削关系。它也是随着土地占有形态的变化而变化,在一定的时期之內就有一定的地租形态未刈獾淖畲筇氐?是越来越明显的体现出地权与地租的关系。地权的概念进一步发展和巩固起来,地租的制度也跟着进一步发展和巩固起来。地主对农民进行地租的肃削,是建立在对于地权的享有上,一切不同程度的依附关系和伴随地租而起的其他奴役和剥削,也是建立在这样的基础上。由于身份和地位的不同而建立起来的依附关系,虽然还是相当广泛的存在着,但却逐渐趋重于经济关系这一方面。另     

包买主制与近代乡村手工业的发展

包买主制在中国近代乡村手工业、尤其是若干手工业经济区中广泛存在。乡村手工业者丧失了先前的经营独立性,他们或直接、或间接,自觉与不自觉地在资本、原料、原料供应与产品销售等多方面陷于对包买主的依附之中。包买主也呈现出多种存在形态,如商人型包买主、商人兼工场主型包买主、工场主型包买主等。包买主制适应了包买主和依附经营者双方的经济状况,它对市场反映的灵敏度、对产品规格和质量的标准化要求等方面,是业主制下自主经营的家庭手工业无法比拟的,从而为近代乡村手工业经济区的兴起和发展创造了条件。     

外资与巴西的发展(1822—1929年)

对于外资,人们对它的历史作用曾有过不同的看法。以前,因出现过接受外资过多而受到外资控制的现象,所以学术界出现了依附论的意见。然而本世纪五十年代后不少国家依靠外资取得了发展,但问题仍然较多,所以在发展意见出现后依附论依然有其影响。但从当前看,如：我国引进外资主要投入生产,不但成绩斐然而且经济形势十分稳定,依附论显然不适用了。然而,东南亚、韩国等国则相继发生了严重的经济动荡。同是利用外资,为什么有成功的,有发生危机的？巴西在历史上大量利用外资并促进了社会、经济的发展。其成功的原因是什么？本文拟通过对…     

論元代封建農奴制度的几个基本問題

一考察带有特征性的元代封建农奴制度,是闡明元代社会性质的根本問題之一。斯大林指出:封建制度的基础是封建土地所有制。而封建土地所有制又在于说明封建土地所有者与非所有者之間的关系,或各种不同社会集团在生产中的地位以及他的相互关系,和依此而轉移的产品分配形式。这就是说,封建社会的生产关系——土地关系是一种社会经济关系的确定产物。所以我們考察元代封建农奴制度的基础,首先从土地关系去理解。元代封建土地关系的变化和发展,有三个不同的历史发展阶段。     

文明起源研究中的“国家”与“社会”

"古代国家"与"早期国家"在内涵上形成某些交集,其实体在"古代"可以并存,但它们是不同的两个概念,不可以混淆起来使用。"古代国家"之"古代",主要是社会史分期上的一个概念。"早期国家"之"早期",则是"国家"本身的一个发展阶段,它讨论的是人们之间一种特殊政治关系存续的时期。"古代国家"包括"早期国家"与"成熟国家",它们只存在于"古代"。"早期国家"却不仅存在于社会史分期上的"古代",而且也出现在这种分期上的"中世纪"与"近代"或"现代"。"酋邦"与"分层社会"也是两个不同的概念,在都是等级制社会这点上,它们有相似之处。但是,酋邦的等级是以血缘、辈分、年齿等为基础来划分的,它与经济关系并无必然联系;分层社会的等级或者说分层则是一种基于经济关系的划分,它以生产资料的占有不平等为基础。     

浅析利得和损失

利得和损失是在《新企业会计准则》里面提出来的两个新的概念。《新企业会计准则——基本准则》对利得和损失是这样定义绗利得是指由企业非日常活动所形成的、会导致所有者权益增加的、与所有者投入资本无关的经济利益的流入损失是指由企业非日常活动所发生的、会导致所有者权益减少的、与向所有者分配利润无关的经济利益的流出。本文将对直接计入所有者权益的利得和损失进行详细的阐述。     

关于我国土地斗争中的划阶级问题

由于帝国主义的入侵和商品经济的发展,近代中国农村中占全国人口百分之八十以上的农民不可避免地分化了。他们“由于在历史上一定社会生产体系中所处的地位不同,对生产资料的关系不同,因而领得自己所支配的那份财富的方式和多寡也不     

古代指纹与陶工年龄分析——以二里头遗址出土陶器资料为例

古代陶器上常常保留着当时陶工的指纹痕迹,而现代指纹学的研究成果表明,指纹形态与年龄阶段存在着一定的对应关系。故本文通过引入现代指纹学的研究成果,对二里头遗址出土陶器上的指纹痕迹进行采集、观察、测量,试图在此基础上识别与探讨当时陶器生产者的年龄状况以及可能存在的"未成年"陶工。本文的分析结果显示,二里头遗址二里头时期陶器生产者的年龄构成可能较为多样,而且当时的"未成年人"很可能已经参与到陶器生产过程中,并且根据目前的指纹标本推测,他们或许主要从事辅助性工作。     

英属印度的租佃制度

英属印度的租佃制度黄思骏英属印度①的土地关系是研究印度历史上土地关系演变的重要环节,它包括两个方面：一是英属印度的土地整理,②二是英属印度的租佃制度。前者是讲英国殖民者与印度土地所有者的关系,后者是讲印度土地所有者和佃农的关系。只讲前者,不讲后者,不...     

论生产资料所有权内涵的演变

长期以来所有权被看成是至高无尚的东西,在社会不断走向开放,财产权力不断分解的今天,人们仍然在受这种观念的束缚。本文拟对生产资料所有权演变进行分析,以说明所有权在社舍经济发展中地位和作用的变化,从而深化对党的“十五”大提出的社会主义初级阶段坚持以公有制为主体和多种所有制经济成份并存的理解。一、两权分离对生产资料所有权的分化封闭式所有制理论的根本观点是所有制就是所有权的归属,即归谁所有,而归谁所有也就是归谁占有、支配和使用,古典理论和立法都把所有权看作所有者排他性的“意志专有的领域”,“使用和滥用的…     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.