西方城市公司服务地理研究的进展及启示

本文扼要介绍了当代西方发达国家城市公司服务地理研究的背景,重点评述了公司服务地理在研究城市公司服务活动的组织形式、集聚经济及其市场联系等三个方面的进展。在此基础上,引论对我国公司服务地理研究的启示。     

罗斯福“新政”的农业政策

富兰克林·罗斯福上台执政后,面对美国的严重农业危机、农民悲惨处境和反抗浪潮,实行了以<农业调整法>为主要内容,以国家干预为重要手段,以控制农产品产量为目标的农业政策.罗斯福政府的农业"新政",是在维护资本主义制度的前提下,对这种制度进行改革的重要组成部分.这种改革虽然只是一种农业资本主义的结构改革,而非革命性的改革,更未促成一场社会革命,但它保护和促进了美国垄断资本主义,使美国的农业和工业一样进入了国家垄断资本主义阶段.     

长江三角洲区域政策强度的定量化及其演变过程——以区域开放开发政策为例

区域政策强度是政府投入影响区域经济格局的政策变量值的大小。区域政策强度的影响因素可分为政策自身内容和政策背景属性两类,前者主要考察政策工具体系,后者则主要考察区域政策的影响范围和政策实施保障能力。在此基础上提出区域政策强度定量化的指标体系,据此定量考察区域政策强度值的时空演变规律与特征。以改革开放以来长江三角洲实施的区域开放开发政策作为实证研究样本,经过区域政策强度的定量化分析发现:区域开放开发政策强度具有能级上的差异,不同类型区域政策的强度值变化特征不同,并在时间上呈阶段性和周期性,在空间上由等级梯度向扁平化转变。     

新经济政策条件下列宁关于“工人民主制”的构想

俄共(布)十大提出了党的组织原则由战斗命令制转向"工人民主制"的任务,并且对实施"工人民主制"的方式方法做了具体阐释,对健全党内民主生活作了许多具体规定。但遗憾的是,由于特定的历史环境使这种转变并没有实现,"工人民主制"这一国际共运史上最符合共产党"阶级性"和"党性"原则的组织制度和结构设计未能取得全党的共识,故从来没有真正付诸于实践过,从而为列宁去世后"民主的集中制"的扭曲与变形埋下了隐患。     

洞察资本主义经济形态成长的一扇窗口——论工商业经济组织的历史

过去我们对资本主义史的研究偏重于定性考察和对剥削关系的分析,对资本主义经济制度形成和运作关注不够,使得对资本主义的描述过于抽象.资本主义形态也表现在它的经济运行中所创造的一系列工商业组织形式上.本文研究了资本主义经济形态形成过程中的诸种工业和商业经济组织形式,作为观察资本主义制度形成和发展的一个新角度.在这些经济组织中,既有典型化的组织形式,也有非典型化的组织形式.     

“非遗”传承人保护政策的再思考

现行的非物质文化遗产(非遗)传承人保护政策以树立精英式代表性传承人为重点,这一制度不仅疏于为大多数传承人提供真正利于精进技艺的社会环境,也忽视了非遗的多样性特点,与当今国际社会新理念的普通传承人、群体传承人和传承社区的保护意识尚有距离。政府和社会需要提升代表性传承人保护政策的科学性和针对性,应关注更多的普通传承人;还应引入企业和社会力量,促进民间自发的传承机制的运作;要加强非遗产权的法规保护及产权意识的培养,推动全社会民众与传承人共同保护优秀非遗的良性增长。     

浅谈政策执行中“上有政策,下有对策”现象——以房产政策的执行为例

住房问题与国民生活和社会稳定息息相关。众所周知,面对当前房价迅速上涨带来的压力,政府为了抑制房价上涨,出台的政策也是一波又一波,但始终未见或是为长期持续出现房价下降现象。当然,这与政策从产生到终结的整个过程都有或多或少的联系。本文就房产政策在政策执行的过程中可能出现的"上有政策,下有对策"现象做一下探讨,对该现象的表现形式、产生的原因以及对怎样在政策执行中尽量减少甚至避免"上有政策下有对策"现象的出现提出一些自己建设性的看法和建议。     

从节制生育到计划生育——新中国人口政策的演变

由于多年战乱,旧中国一直没有能够进行全国性的人口普查,因此中国人口一直未得到准确的统计数据。从1912年以来,关于中国人口数量的统计数值多达几十个,范围从4亿到4．8亿不等,而4．5亿则是流传最广、接受程度最高的估计值。1949年9月21日,毛泽东在中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议上说：“我们的极好条件是有四万万七千五百万的人口和九百五十九万七千平方公里的国土。”     

论法国的“东方栅栏政策”

在中世纪后期和近代前期,哈布斯堡帝国的雄伟国力和霸权政策威胁着欧洲多数国家的安全、独立与生存,激起这些国家不同形式和不同烈度的反对与抵制。作为西欧传统大国的法国,为了追求本国的安全环境以及实现自身的霸权目标,奉行"东方栅栏政策",积极与土耳其、波兰、瑞典等国结盟,东西两面夹击哈布斯堡帝国。"东方栅栏政策"产生了一定的效果,使奥地利哈布斯堡面临双线作战的不利局面,影响了其战略目标的达成,基本上维持了欧洲的大致均衡状态,也在一定程度上维护了法国的利益。当然,"东方栅栏政策"在实施过程中,也有着一系列的问题,这些问题影响了政策的有效实施和目标的顺利达成。     

新桂系的“三自政策”

“三自政策”是新桂系据桂反蒋时期制定的,其用孙中山三民主义包装,集中反映了新桂系割据反蒋、治省理政的诉求,实质是割据治省的一种理论,也是一项基本政策。在当时特殊的社会环境下,“三自政策”的实施,巩固了新桂系的统治,也对当时广西社会稳定起到一定的积极作用。     

Policy Dilemmas of Post-Soviet Countries

I wonder what the West would think of us if Russia were to urge it to undertake reforms that would cost it half its gross domestic product, lake 10 years off its average life expectancy, and reduce its standard of living by two-thirds while throwing millions of people out of work, causing social anarchy, and displacing millions of specialists from positions in their fields to the very lowest rungs of society…. ¹     

Policy Decisionmaking Models in Practice: A Case Study of the Western Australian "Sentencing Acts"

While there is an extensive body of literature on a range of policy decisionmaking models, there is a lack of supporting case studies about the lived experiences of policymakers and the usefulness of various decisionmaking models in practice. This article examines two traditional models of decisionmaking, namely crisis theory and the rational comprehensive model, to assess their strengths and limitations in explaining the introduction of the controversial Western Australian Crime (Serious and Repeat Offenders) Sentencing Act 1992 and the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1992 (the "Sentencing Acts"). We argue that the "Sentencing Acts" cannot easily be reduced to, or explained through, a single policy analysis model, as significant aspects of policy remain hidden. Finally, we contend that to understand the emergence of the Sentencing Acts requires an approach that can account for the interconnection between structural, agenda-setting, and decisionmaking levels of analysis.     

Reassessing Fiscal Policy: Perspectives from Developing Countries

Over the last twenty‐five years an anti‐Keynesian orthodox approach has envisaged a prominent role for reductions in fiscal deficits in developing countries. Expansionary fiscal policies have been said to result in excessive expansion of aggregate demand leading to current account deficits and inflation, as well as displacing private investment, thereby inhibiting output stabilization and employment recovery. Moreover, chronic fiscal deficits are supposed to be associated with high and explosive debt/GDP ratios. The purpose of this article is to assess the theoretical adequacy of the orthodox approach in the context of developing countries. The author clarifies some common misunderstandings and finds that none of the conventional arguments against fiscal activism is wholly convincing. At the heart of the debate lies the question of assumptions, economic structure and causation mechanisms. The orthodox stories regarding the macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy very often do not go beyond the simple monetarist assumptions or seek to verify the implications against the existing experiences and empirical data from developing countries.     

消失的搭车客:中西都市传说的一个类型

“消失的搭车客”被认为是旧传说在新时代、新情境中得以改编的经典案例,而这类故事在19世纪之交的美国和其他地方广为人知,以后又发展演变出许多亚类,产生了更多的故事。这类故事可以称为“路边搭车的幽灵”,其基本情节是一个幽灵如何故地重游搭乘别人的车子却在达到目的地之前忽然神不知鬼不觉地消失的。     

Comparative Environmental Policy: Market-type Instruments in Industrialized Capitalist Countries

This paper examines experiences of five industrialized capitalist countries in using effluent charges, tradable permits, and subsidies as tools of environmental regulation and compares their programs to economists'models of the market approach. Observed disparity between theory and practice suggests that advantages of the market approach are not as significant as proponents contend. Reasons are identified, and differences in national characteristics of public administration are considered toward explaining differences in how countries have applied market instruments.     

Delivering Microfinance in Developing Countries: Controversies and Policy Perspectives

The article reviews three major controversies in the microfinance field: vehicles, technologies, and performance assessments for financial service delivery. Then it proposes that these controversies be resolved by a perspective emphasizing institutional plurality and external and internal efficiencies for individual programs. Questions for further research are discussed in the conclusion.     

"Colorblind" Policy in Black and White: Racial Consequences of Disenfranchisement Policy

Disenfranchisement policies were formulated with discriminatory intent in several states ( Behrens, Uggen, and Manza 2003 ; Mauer 2001 ; Preuhs 2001 ). Does such discrimination persist? Do disenfranchisement laws disparately impact black voters? I argue that disenfranchisement policies target black citizens and impact black voters disparately compared with white voters. I show that disenfranchisement laws have a disparate impact on the black community that becomes increasingly disproportionate as disenfranchisement laws increase in severity. I find that disenfranchisement policies have a significant independent effect on voting rights in the black community and do not have a similar effect on white voters. I conclude that the ability of the black community to achieve adequate representation is substantially diminished as fewer and fewer blacks qualify for voter registration.     

Public and Private Policy Change: Pension Reform in Four Countries

This article offers a comparative, qualitative analysis of the changing nature of—and relationship between—public and private old age pensions in the United States, Canada, Britain, and Japan. Stressing the impact of institutional legacies on policy change, the article explains why these countries have taken contrasting paths toward the restructuring of public and private pension policies. The study finds that the four countries fall into two distinct clusters. On the one hand are Canada and the United States, which have essentially witnessed policy drift toward a greater reliance on private savings. On the other hand are Britain and Japan, which have reshaped their pension systems largely through legislative revision. The last section explains the differences between and within these two country clusters. The article concludes that institutional forces explain the distinctive policy patterns between the two country clusters but that it is necessary to bring in other factors (i.e., demographic aging, union density, and the role of ideas) to account for differences within each of these clusters.