评《相国寺考》

我国是历史悠久、保存有大量的古代文物建筑和名胜古迹的国家。对这些古代的文物建筑和名胜古迹,专业工作者有选择、有重点地从不同的方面进行研究,其中包括从历史的角度来考察它们同当时和后世社会生活的关系,使之在不同程度上达到古为今用的目的,应该说,这还是有一定意义的工作。开封的     

《诗·关雎》与古代抢婚制

公元前六世纪编辑成书的中国诗歌典籍,被后世尊称为《诗经》是当之无愧的。它不仅反映了西周初年到春秋时代这段漫长历史中的社会生活、人情世态和文化成就,而且还保存了一些更早时期的社会历史资料,为史学研究提供了许多宝贵的线索和有力的证据。但是后世许多注释家、讲解家,按着他们当时的道德观念和政治需要,在讲解、注释上,造成了《诗》的混乱。作为“三百篇”之冠的《关雎》,就是如此。汉代儒学家卫宏写的“毛诗序”说:“《关雎》,后妃之德也,风之始也。所以风天下而正夫妇也。”宋朝理学家朱熹在     

汉代西北边地物价考（一）——以汉简为中心

目前出土的汉代竹简中保存了大量有关当时物价方面的史料。这一现象已经引起了一些学者的注意。但由于种种原因,目前主要针对其中某一批竹简进行研究,对于汉简中物价资料系统的整理则还比较少见。在此,我们试图通过综合各批竹简中原始资料,尽可能多、并准确地复原当时社会的物价变化情况,以为研究汉代社会经济生活之参考。     

北宋时期的古籍整理

公元十世纪中叶至十二世纪三十年代的北宋政权,是一个重视“文物之治”的王朝,他们曾对古籍整理进行了长时期的工作。一北宋时期为了保存古籍,曾对散佚古籍进行了多方面的收集。我国在宋代以前,官藏典籍,据欧阳修《新店书·艺文志序》说,历代“藏书之盛,莫盛于开元,其著录者五万三千九百一十五卷;而唐之学者自为之书,又二万八千四百六十九卷”。再加上当时整理的佛、道经典九千五百卷,计有九万余卷之多。它反映了     

汉代物价考(二)——以汉简为中心

目前出土的汉代竹简中保存了大量有关当时物价方面的史料,这一现象已经引起了一些学者的注意.[1]但由于种种原因,目前主要还针对其中某一批竹简进行研究,对于汉简中物价资料系统的整理则还比较少见.在此,我们试图通过综合各批竹简中原始资料,尽可能多、并准确的复原当时社会的物价变化情况,以为研究汉代社会经济生活之参考.     

清代考据学派的学术特色及学术贡献

考据之学在清代发展壮大,到乾嘉时期已经逐渐成熟、完善,形成了独具特色的清代考据学派。清代考据学派追求由小学以通经明道的学术宗旨,坚持实事求是的治学精神,建立了严格的学术规范,探索出了科学的治学方法。在此基础上,清代考据学派做出了重要的学术贡献,不仅经学研究成果丰硕,而且在小学、史学、历算等学科亦有建树,还整理刊刻了大量古文献。此外,他们实事求是的精神和严谨踏实的学风,也对后世产生了深远影响。     

乾隆时期宫廷御墨包装初探

乾隆时期,是清代宫廷集锦墨制造的高峰期,御墨的包装在承袭旧制的同时不断创新,大量墨品囊匣被修补或重新制作,使得"古墨"以及"乾隆御墨"得到了妥善保存并传之后世。     

抱元守一 有容乃大——民国元老胡抱一先生轶事

胡抱一,淮安最早的同盟会成员之一。出身寒微而自强不息,为人仗义而开明练达,起于辛亥而终于抗战。其跌宕峰谷的传奇人生,有风云际会也有孜孜以求,有左右逢源也有暗箭冷枪,有为民族民主舍生取义的慷慨,也有为朋友兄弟两肋插刀的豪情。胡抱一生逢乱世,死于内戗,其实情于当时秘而不宣,后世探究者亦寥寥。笔者幸于机缘,与胡氏后人多有接触,资以史册文讯之雪泥鸿爪,勉强整理几则珍闻轶事,以表对吾乡先辈之敬仰。     

魏晋南北朝时期历史文献学的成长

魏晋南北朝时期,我国历史文献学进入了成长阶段。在这一时期,文献著录的分类开始从《七略》的六分法向新的四分法转变,并且把文献的分类引进了新的领域,出现了按内容性质分类编排文献,以便省览的新书,这就是类书。类书的出现,对保存文献和检索文献,都有重要的意义。《文选》、《弘明集》等作为总集的典型,也是这一时期的新的成就。还有,汲冢书的考订、整理也为出土文献的整理,开辟了道路。在对文献的注释方面,这一时期也有重大发展,出现了“集解”、“义疏”等新形式。前者利于资料的保存;后者标志文献注释向高一层次延伸。另外,有些书有自注,既可补正文之不足,亦可免去他人揣测之累。注释范围继续扩大,不仅注经,而且注史、注笔记小说,并能根据有关特点,重视异说的列举和史实的考辨,为后世考异与考辨之先河。北齐颜之推,虽没有整理过任何典籍,但能从具体问题入手,探索文献典籍在流传、整理中带有普遍性的问题。本文是作者所著《中国历史文献学史》第三章,共七节。第一、二节在本刊本期发表。     

宋代国子监刻书考论

宋代国子监既是中央教育机构,也是国家主要刻书机构,并兼有管理各地图书刻印之责。为满足其政治、思想统治,宋廷对国子监刻书之内容及其质量控制、机构设置及其管理、图书刻印发行出售等方面都订有颇为详备之制度,从而对当时各地州县官学大量印行图书,以及后世国子监刻书产生了重大影响。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.