Coming of age in uniform: The Foundling Hospital and British army bands in the twentieth century

Abstract

This article examines the experiences of former pupils at the Foundling Hospital who served as British Army regimental bandsmen. It is based on interviews conducted by the author, published written accounts and documentary evidence in the Foundling Hospital Archives. The formative experience of institutionalisation at the Foundling Hospital is considered in the first section. The second section describes the transitional process of leaving the Hospital and enlisting in the Army. The final section discusses institutional experiences in the Army and how these affected the former pupils' life choices. It will be argued that the Hospital's authoritarian regime placed significant limitations on the children's social horizons and produced a strong orientation toward institutional life. It will be shown however, that the experience of serving in Army bands at a time of tremendous social change allowed former pupils featured in this study to make alternative life choices which short circuited this institutional bias.     

On the just war tradition in the twenty-first century

This article argues that the rebirth of interest in the just war tradition, both academically and practically, over the last few years rests on a shaky foundation. It suggests that the character of the just war as a tradition is ill suited to certain aspects of the contemporary intellectual and political world and that historical developments in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have combined unhelpfully to narrow the tradition's concerns. It also suggests that, especially after 11 September, there is a growing temptation to resent the restraints that the tradition is held to impose on warmaking and thus to ignore or abandon the just war as a way of thinking about the relationship between war and politics. Nevertheless, the article argues, to abandon the just war tradition would still bring about more loss than gain and that as an aid to moral reflection and practice on the use of force, it is still a powerful tool and an invaluable aid.     

Why the Pakistan army is here to stay: prospects for civilian governance

This article explores the prospects for civilian governance over Pakistan's military in the policy‐relevant future. After reviewing the Pakistan army's past interference in the country's judicial and political affairs, it turns to the ongoing political maneuvering of the current Chief of Army Staff, General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani, despite Pakistan's ostensible democratic dispensation. The article dilates on the impact of US engagement on the robustness of the Pakistan army's dominance and questions the newfound US commitment to promoting democratization and civilian control. The article argues that while conventional wisdom places the onus disproportionately upon the military's penchant for interventionism, the army has intervened only with the active assistance of civilian institutions, which are subsequently further eroded with every military takeover. It concludes with a consideration of whether or not genuine civilian control would result in a significant change in Pakistan's foreign and domestic policies, particularly Pakistan's well‐known utilization of Islamist militants in India and Afghanistan.     

保卫印度：19世纪英国东方外交的全部秘密

印度在英帝国内具有特殊的地位。印度以及通往印度贸易通道的安全因此成为英帝国战略防卫的关键。19世纪英国在东方的全部外交与军事行动几乎都围绕着这一主题。     

Children of migrants in China in the twenty-first century: trends,living arrangements,age-gender structure,and geography

ABSTRACT

Children – including those of migrants – are China’s future. Children of migrants now make up close to 40% of all children in China. This paper analyzes the recent trends from 2000 to 2016 and the major aspects of the children of migrants by distilling data from multiple large national surveys and assessing the very small rural left-behind children (LBC) population figures published by the Ministry of Civil Affairs in 2016. The paper also develops a method to estimate the LBC population generated by migrants in each provincial destination between 2010 and 2015, linking up different but related populations (adult migrants, migrant children, and LBC) in the origins and destinations. This broader “origin-destination” framework allows us to pinpoint clearly a major driver of LBC and hence to identify provinces needing the most attention in national and provincial efforts to alleviate the problem of LBC.

Abbreviations: MC: Migrant Children; LBC: Left-Behind Children; MPR: Migration Participation Rate: LBCG: Left-Behind Children Generated     

British contributions to the study of Russian geography in the nineteenth century

Urban geography

Managing the City. Edited by Brian Robson, 22 x 14 cm, 220 pp, Croom Helm, London, 1987, hbk, ISBN 0–7099–4232‐X, £30.00.

Regenerating the Inner City: Glasgow's Experience. Edited by David Donnison and Alan Middleton, 21.6 x 13.5 cm; xvii + 322 pp, Routledge and Keagan Paul, London, 1987, pbk, ISBN 0–7102–1117–1, £12.95.

Scotland

Rural Housing in Scotland. Edited by B. D. MacGregor, D. S. Robertson and M. Shucksmith, 22.7 x 15 cm, xii + 201 pp, Aberdeen University Press, Aberdeen, 1987, pbk, ISBN 0–08–034529–8. £11.90.

A Pattern of Landownership in Scotland. By Robin Fraser Callander, 21 x 15 cm, 155 pp, Haughend Publications, Finzean, 1987, pbk, ISBN 0–907184–13–8, £5.25 (post free from the publisher at Finzean, Aberdeenshire AB3 3PP).

History of Orkney. By William P. L. Thomson, 24 X 16 cm, xvi + 321 pp, The Mercat Press, Edinburgh, 1987, hbk, ISBN 0–901824–82–8, £14.95.

The Roads of Fife. By Owen Silver, 23.5 x 15.5 cm, 197 pp, John Donald, Edinburgh, 1987, pbk, ISBN 0–85976–160–6, £12.50.

Conservation

Birds, Bogs and Forestry: the Peat lands of Caithness and Sutherland: Edited by D. A. Ratcliffe and P. H. Oswald, 29x21 cm, 121 pp, Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, 1986, pbk, ISBN 08–6139–3775, £8.50

Angling and Wildlife in Fresh Waters. Edited by P. S. Maitland and A. K. Turner, 29 x 21 cm, 81 pp, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Abbots Ripton, 1987, pbk, ISBN 0–904282–99–6, £8.00.

Farm Woodlands in Central Scotland. By A. V. Halhead, 29.5 X 21 cm, 32 pp, Countryside Commission for Scotland, Perth, 1987, pbk, ISBN 0–902226–85–1, £3.00.

Alternative Manpower for the Scottish Countryside. By Centre for Leisure Research, Dunfermline College of Physical Education, 29.5 x 21 cm, 96 pp, Countryside Commission for Scotland, Perth, 1987, pbk, ISBN 0–902226–86–6, £4.50.

Geography in Education

Foundations of Geography for GCSE. By D. C Money, 29 x 21 cm, 262 pp, Evans Brothers, London, 1987, pbk, ISBN 0–237–51006–5, £6.95.

World Contrasts. By Brian Nixon, 19.5 x 26.5 cm, 219 pp, Bell &; Hyman, London, 1986, pbk, ISBN 07135–265‐X, £5.95.

People making geography: Book 1. By Chris Queree and Jeff Serf, ISBN 0–582–20289–2. Countries of the world: Book 3 The Americas. By Keith Gillard, ISBN 0–582–21219–7. (Copymasters. 25x24 cm, looseleaf, Longman, Harlow, 1987.)     

Central administration versus provincial arbitrary governance: Patmos and Mount Athos monasteries in the 16th century

Abstract

The confiscation of monastic properties ordered by Selim II in 1568 served as a catalyst precipitating a process of negotiation and mutual accommodation between the centre – represented by the sultan and his jurisconsult- and the periphery articulated by the monks. Even in formulaic imperial orders, it is apparent that the monastic communities successfully negotiated the terms for the normalisation of the affair, whereas the jurisconsult accommodated the Porte's interests to the local society's needs. On the local level, the judge functioned as a mediator, addressing the monks' requirements, even if he had to transgress a number of Islamic rules and imperial orders. Thus, this case study illustrates the gradual transformation of a polity in dialogue with local communities.     

Asia's role in twenty‐first‐century global economic governance

The basic foundations of today's framework for global economic governance were laid in the years following the Second World War. Reflecting the balance of economic power at the time, Asia did not play a major role in either designing the institutional architecture or setting the agenda for global economic governance. In more recent decades the centre of gravity of the global economy has shifted towards Asia, and this trend is likely to continue in the decades to come. Asia's growing economic weight enhances its potential to play a much stronger role in shaping twenty‐first‐century global economic governance. Realization of that potential will, however, depend upon how successfully Asia addresses five key challenges: rebalancing sources of growth; strengthening national governance; institutionalizing regional integration; providing political leadership; and adopting the global lingua franca—English. While the Asian policy‐makers' ambition to play a bigger role in global economic governance is growing, their appetite for addressing the necessary policy challenges is not necessarily keeping pace with that growing ambition. This gap between ambition and action will need to be gradually closed—only then can Asia help itself in playing a bigger role in global economic governance.     

Gender, nature, empire: women naturalists in nineteenth century British travel literature

Among the many British women abroad in the late nineteenth century were a number of travellers who toured the American West with a naturalist's pen and sketchbook. California, with its giant sequoias and redwoods, scenic Yosemite Valley and Sierra Nevada, and the Mediterranean flora of the southern coasts, especially attracted travellers with a naturalist orientation. We examine the botanical and naturalist writings and art of two well-known (and well-heeled) world travellers – Constance Gordon Cumming and Marianne North – and another more obscure British aristocrat, Theodora Guest, sister of the Duke of Westminster, who travelled in California in the late nineteenth century. We examine relationships among these elite women's association with the Romantic aesthetic and naturalist traditions, natural sciences, class-based associations between women and flowers, and emergent environmentalism. The works of these women indicate the process by which natural history rhetorics and styles became embedded within gender, class, and imperial relations; and how the division of natural history into professional and amateur domains relegated women to discursive margins.     

从川军看黔军的发展

近年来,各类抗战研究都取得了丰硕的成果,但对于黔军的研究还是相对比较薄弱.与之相对的,川军的研究则更为深入,史料也更为翔实丰富,同时随着各种小说影视剧的传播,民众的认知度也更高.同样是西南军阀出身,也一起经历抗战,且都被戏称为"杂牌军",但也都用自己的血肉之躯捍卫了民族尊严.为何大众有"无川不成军"的川军印象,黔军却慢慢湮没在了时间的长河中,对于每一个用生命和鲜血庇护了自己国家的人,他们都应是值得我们尊重和铭记的英雄.     

From crisis to creative critique: the early twenty-first century Mediterranean crossing on stage and screen in works by Teatro delle Albe and Andrea Segre

The article analyses the 2010 play Rumore di Acque [Noise in the Waters] by the Teatro delle Albe and Andrea Segre’s 2014 docufilm Come il peso dell’acqua [Like the Weight of Water] as creative responses to the Mediterranean migrant crisis. In challenging the frozen representation and rhetoric of public reporting and discourse, characterized by recurring images of boats accompanied by the number of arriving or dead migrants, both works propose a critical reading of the migration phenomenon through a focus on individual stories. As the play and the docufilm themselves cross a sea of genres and expressive tools, they also place the migrant at the centre of an interrogation of national paradigms and Western societies. They ultimately call into question the exclusionary politics and policies of the contemporary world and identify in the empathy towards the human quest for freedom and recognition a lively engine of the early twenty-first-century global community, so profoundly marked by movement and displacement.     

The military covenant and the civil–military contract in Britain

Is the British civil–military contract strained to breaking point? The contemporary portrayal of British civil–military relations is bleak, with academics, politicians, the media and military charities arguing that military–societal relations are in urgent need of repair. Through assessing the extent to which the reciprocal expectations of the armed forces and the British public are realized, this article will argue that the moral contract, although under stress, is not breaking. Underlying social trends and the use of doctrinal concepts such as the military covenant have, combined with recent operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, altered the expectations of both sides causing tensions within military–societal relations. Yet, while the armed forces do harbour unrealized expectations of the British public who are unwilling or unable to support the use of the military in recent conflicts, neither the public nor the military is so disillusioned with the performance of the other for the relationship to be described as breaking or broken.     

Postcolonial Archaeologies in Africa: Breaking the Silence

Postcolonial archaeologies in Africa are engaged in a variety of agendas including the decolonization of everyday practices in the field and in the classroom. Postcolonial theory, concerned with issues of power and the Other, is increasingly being invoked to examine how archaeologists conduct their field research and how archaeology is used to dismantle essentialized histories—the metanarratives that arose in the colonial as well as the postcolonial era. Easily misunderstood, however, is the passion expressed by some African archaeologists who are voicing their own views while simultaneously trying to free themselves from dominating “expert” voices. These occurrences create tensions in archaeological discourse that are a natural part of decolonizing archaeology, joining other forms of disenchantment, particularly the disenchantments arising in contemporary African communities about social services, civil society, and human rights. Archaeologists are also implicated in disenchantments as they conduct investigations in the midst of people who may be without water or are suffering from HIV/AIDS—conditions that starkly contrast with their own comfortable lives. We may also need to reconsider how to deal with states that see archaeological research as contrary to nation building. This essay responds to some current misunderstandings that have arisen over these and related issues.