“变质”的慈善:晚清沪北栖流公所初探

以往对沪北栖流公所的研究,多将其视为慈善机构,而对会审公廨的研究,亦未注意到与其关系密切的栖流公所。本文通过对栖流公所的设立及职能的变化发展的考察,发现其最初虽然与清代大部分救助流民的栖流所无甚差异,然因地处租界,经费主要依赖官局拨发,实际操作中则成为公廨饬发各类人员的接收机构。为补救妇女发押官媒与善堂择配的弊端,栖流公所增建房屋接收公廨涉讼妇女,是为栖流女所。在工部局与会审公廨争夺女犯关押权的过程中,作为因应之策,栖流女所被正式确立为有别于传统女牢的女犯分所。同时,原囚禁于工部局西牢的男性案犯亦有部分改发栖流公所。这使得栖流公所在承担各种善举之外,亦具有近代监狱的职能。     

唯物史观与清代学术思想史研究思路的转变——以谭丕模《清代思想史纲》为中心的讨论

清代学术思想史自清末以来即为近代史家所重视。在20世纪三四十年代,清代学术思想史领域又出现了不少新的成果,其中谭丕模所著《清代思想史纲》即当时较有特点的一部。该书之成一方面得益于当时北京师范大学文史学科对于清代学术思想史的重视,另一方面则是由唯物史观的传播所促成。该书大体赓续章太炎、梁启超对于清代学术思想史论述的思路,从中可以明显看到大学教育影响的痕迹;但在一些具体问题上,该书则不乏新见,这主要由唯物史观所赋予。在唯物史观和时势变化等因素的共同影响下,思想史的写法开始兴起,并逐渐取代学术史的写法,成为20世纪三四十年代学术思想史领域的主流。以《清代思想史纲》一书为中心展开的相关讨论,一方面呈现了以大学教学、研究活动为媒介,近代史学研究推陈出新的具体过程,另一方面亦反映了近代以来史学研究与社会现实之间的复杂关系。     

清代陕甘地区仓储探析

清代是我国传统社会的总结时期,其赈灾救荒形式呈多样化、社会化的趋势.清代陕甘地区的仓储体系有其自己的特点与运作机制.最大的特点是社仓由政府出资设立,政府经营管理,而其他的社会救助形式如义仓则处于初创阶段,许多运营机制多效法东南地区,社会救助功能相对有限,但是这反映了陕甘社会民间力量的崛起与社会的发展趋势.     

清末河套地区的水利制度与社会适应

清末河套地区出现了一次水利开发的高潮,民间的地商和清政府在渠道经营上先后扮演了主角。在近代社会经济的发展过程中,制度的成功在于其适应能力。地商制度充分适应了河套的生态环境和汉蒙杂居的社会环境,最终在经营上取得了成功。而官营水利一开始便以刚性手段介入．忽视对基层社会的协调,再加上传统经营体制的腐败和无效率,尽管最后试图建立与乡村社会相适应的机制,但终归失败。     

历史情势、突发事件与革命动员——江浙地区辛亥革命的微观考察

辛亥革命中,武昌起义并非得到所有省区的响应,响应的地区也并非都得以成功夺取政权。其中关键因素之一,是各地革命动员程度千差万别使然。从微观层面看,在近代以来逐渐酝酿成熟的普遍革命浪潮这一历史情势下,江浙地区的革命者,准确抓住武昌起义这一突发事件所创造的有利历史契机,通过密集开会与有效决策、广泛联络已有革命队伍、策反敌阵营力量、战前动员与火线动员、妥善处理敌我两类不同矛盾、建立良好的战时后勤保障等革命动员手段或策略,并在具体的历史场景中加以灵活运用,最终得以起义成功,结束了清王朝在地方上的统治命运。对革命微观层面运作机制(如革命动员)展开细致考察,无疑有助于我们准确把握历史事件的真实面相,并完善我们对于宏观历史情势的理解。     

清代八旗养育兵制探析

养育兵制,是以月给一定钱粮米石为形式,特为养赡无产业孤独旗人而设,带有基层救助性质的清代旗人恩养政策。自雍正二年(1724)设立,至光绪三十三年(1907)逐渐为历史裁汰,期间虽出现过冒顶、冒领等现象,但其在缓和八旗生计问题、补充八旗兵制、增强满族自身民族身份认同等方面所产生的积极作用是值得肯定的。     

基督教与近代客家

作为中华民族大家庭中的一员,客家人越来越受到专家学的关注,他们的历史、化、社会、宗教等问题成为研究的对象。本试通过考察近代基督教在客家地区的传播,探讨基督教对客家社会所产生的影响。     

异乡的“熟人”——清代徽人同乡组织救助体系中的保人

保人参与到入堂厝棺、义园埋葬、棺柩归籍,以及归乡、就医、领养等各类同乡组织救助中,是整个救助体系得以循序运行的关键,是救助成立必不可少的条件,且为受助者承担着担保责任。“熟”是选择保人的关键因素。以熟作保,在当时的社会结构、文化传统、伦理观念、法律制度之下,成为了最便宜有效的构建救助组织与受助者之间关系、实现救助目标的方式。以熟作保在城镇各类事务中的广泛存在,显示出传统乡村熟人社会在城镇的延续和发展,映射出传统乡村关系网在城镇的迁移和复制。而从保人参与和身份来看,同乡组织并不能完全复制一个乡土熟人社会,保持如乡土熟人社会中的明确边界。经济关系中保人强调的是“保”,在保人身份的选择上,侧重于保人的经济能力和社会地位,即代偿能力和信用度。而在同乡组织救助中,保人强调的是“人”,即更看重保人的熟人身份,更多的是为得到一种确认。     

推进社会救助体系建设构建和谐海西

本文针对当前海西州在社会救助机制和运行体制方面存在的问题及所面临的困难,认为,要构建海西和谐社会,就要积极推进覆盖城乡的社会救助体系建设,创新社会救助工作机制和运行体制.     

简论民国时期甘宁青地区的盐政改革

甘宁青①僻居我国西北一隅,有其独特的自然地理和经济社会特性,是近代中国颇具代表性的省份.本文对民国时期甘宁青地区的盐政改革进行了简单论述,具体探究在当时复杂的社会情势下,盐政如何推进,其影响如何.这是研究中国近代盐政的一个有效途径,同时也为人们认识近代西北社会和近代中国社会现代化进程提供了一个全新的视角.     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.