The Chromatic Traveling-Salesmen Problem and Its Application to Planning and Structuring Geographic Space

The classical traveling-salesman problem involves the establishment of a tour around a set of points in a plane such that each point is intersected only once and the circuit is of minimal total length. When the length of a salesman's tour cannot exceed a specified constant, the problem becomes that of finding the fewest number of salesmen such that every city is visited by a salesman and the length of each salesman's tour does not exceed a specified constant. This is the chromatic traveling-salesmen problem. An algorithm for this problem is developed and is used to create periodic markets in parts of Sierra Leone. Fifteen rural areas were examined from Sierra Leone, and weekly market places were identified in each area. Salesmen were to be assigned to an area so that each market place was visited and each tour (or periodic ring) did not exceed forty hours. The chromatic traveling-salesmen algorithm was used to minimize the number of periodic rings needed for each area and provide the specific tour for each ring.     

Location Equilibrium for Cournot Oligopoly in Spatially Separated Markets

Consider a two-stage non-cooperative Cournot game with location choice involving n≥ 2 firms each with several facilities. There are m≥ 2 spatially separated markets constituting the vertices of a network. Each firm first selects the locations of their facilities and then selects the quantities to supply to the markets to maximize its profit. There exists a Nash equilibrium in the quantities offered by each firm at the markets. Furthermore, when the demand in each market is sufficiently large, each firm chooses to locate its facilities only at vertices. With linear demand in each market, there exists a Nash location equilibrium.     

斯图亚特王朝早期议会与王权的斗争

斯图亚特王朝早期(1603-1642),以国王为代表的王权与以资产阶级和新贵族为代表的议会之间围绕着王室财政、宗教、外交及议会自身权利等问题,由矛盾到冲突,再到决裂,呈现逐步升级之态势。从斗争全过程来看,王权与议会斗争的实质是主权之争,而以议会处于强势为特征。议会之所以能在斗争中处于强势地位,根本原因在于人民群众斗争的推动。     

姜寨第一期房屋遗迹的初步考察

本文对姜寨第一期房屋遗迹进行初步考察,确认了构成姜寨第一期聚落的5组房屋群之间的分界、各组房屋群的数量,每组房屋群皆由大型、中型和小型的房屋组成,且以小型房屋数量最多,中型和大型房屋数量较少.同时了解到各组的房屋建筑形式均以圆形地上和方形半地穴为主,而且房屋呈向心分布,门向均朝向聚落中心的中央广场.姜寨第一期聚落俨然是一个完整的史前社会组织.     

装伦训诸和幽土文物的哭系

考古学是根据实物史料研究人类历史的学科,训诂学是面对传世文献的一门综合性研究学科。本文从考古和训诂两方面结合实例阐述了出土文物和训诂之间互为补充,互为验证,互为依存的关系。从而证明了充分利用出土文献来检验历代训诂工作的正误是一项意义深远的工作,以及掌握训诂学专业知识对考古工作者的重要性。     

20世纪五六十年代包产到户合法地位缺失的多维分析

在当代中国,执政党的指导思想、政治路线及相应的重大决策对社会的发展变迁具有决定性的意义。20世纪五六十年代,包产到户曾经一而再、再而三地兴起,但最终都沉寂下去。究其原因,从理论角度分析,包产到户在传统的社会主义理论中找不到相应的支撑;从经济角度分析,包产到户“有悖”于国家工业化的战略部署;从领导决策因素分析,包产到户没能取得全党特别是最高决策者的认同。     

‘Handle with care’: literature,archaeology, slavery

This article examines the relationship between literary and bioarchaeological approaches to slavery, and investigates how the methods and priorities of each discipline might inform each other in understanding what it was like to be enslaved. Both bioarchaeologists and creative writers have attempted to access the inner lives of enslaved people, yet there has been little interaction between them. This paper offers an account of a research project which brought together a literary scholar, two archaeological scientists and seven creative writers to explore how writing might not only communicate a history understood through archaeological evidence, but could itself inform approaches to that evidence. We discuss two key themes which emerged from the project: Conversation and Caring. These themes were crucial to the interdisciplinary process, as it was only through attention to our relationships with each other that we could begin to reassess the nature of material in each of our disciplines.     

Legal Pluralism and Hybrid Governance: Bridging Two Research Lines

Legal pluralism and hybrid governance are two lines of research that address the interactions between state (official) and non‐state (unofficial) norms. Both come to similar observations, yet they seem hardly aware of each other's existence. With very few exceptions, the one does not refer to the other. This article seeks to explore whether links can be established. It presents both lines of research, identifies common ground, explores what they can learn from each other, and seeks to find whether the distance can be bridged. It concludes that legal pluralism and hybrid governance could be mutually reinforcing if scholars in the two lines were aware of and used each other's findings and methods, and saw each other as complementary.     

Differentiation of ceramic chemical element composition and vessel morphology at a pottery production center in Roman Galilee

Cooking pots and bowls from two production locations ca. 200 m from each other at the rural settlement of Kefar Hananya in Roman Galilee were compared employing chemical element composition and vessel-shape analyses. Splits of each pulverized sample, all of which were taken from ceramic wasters, were analyzed by both instrumental neutron activation and high-precision X-ray fluorescence analyses, and computerized vessel-shape analysis was employed for morphological analysis of the same vessel forms from each location. Several statistical techniques (bivariate plots, principal component analysis, cluster analysis and discriminant analysis) were used for analyzing the resultant data. It was found that both the cooking pots and bowls made at each location could be distinguished by employing either chemical composition or morphological analysis. The implications of this work, with regard to investigating both production and consumption sites, and for pottery provenance studies, are discussed. The findings suggest that these analytical techniques can be useful as an aid for chronological differentiations of archaeological pottery.     

关于博物馆的社会职能

今天,人类生活在一个非同寻常的快速变革的时代,变革影响到每个国家、每一个城市、每一个社区的方方面面。全球化也带来了新的挑战,由于变革速度加快,知识、财富和权力在快速转移,思潮、理念和观点也在快速变更。在这一背景下,