Frank Cass THE JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

Much environment and development discourse assumes that women are the ‘natural’ constituency for conservation interventions. This article attempts to illuminate this assumption with the lens of a gendered critique of environmentalisms (technocentric, ecocentric and non-western). How do the intellectual roots of Western environmentalisms influence the positions, or non-positions, of contemporary environmentalism with regard to gender? What does research on environmental perceptions in non-Western societies imply about gender differentiation in environmental relations? The article concludes that there are no grounds for assuming an affinity between women's gender interests and those of environments and that such a view is symptomatic of the gender blind, ethnocentric and populist character of western environmentalisms. By contrast the application of gender analysis to environmental relations involves seeing women in relation to men, the disaggregation of the category of ‘women’, and an understanding of gender roles as socially and historically constructed, materially grounded and continually reformulated. The issue of how far women's gender interests and environmental interests go hand in hand leads us to pose a broader question of the degree to which environmental conservation is premissed upon social inequality.     

GENDERED SPACES ON TRIAL: THE INFLUENCE OF REGIONAL GENDER CONTRACTS ON IN‐MIGRATION OF WOMEN TO RURAL NORWAY

While the Nordic literature on rural migration and gender relations has usually focused on the push effects of a patriarchal or traditional gender culture on out‐migration of women, this article centres on the conjoint way in which regional gender contracts and female in‐migration shape one another. On the basis of survey data of women who migrated into Valdres, a rural area in Norway, as well as interview material, three ideal types of rural gender contracts are identified: traditional, modern and alternative. It is further demonstrated that women living by a traditional gender contract are more often attracted to Valdres than women living by modern and alternative gender contracts, and seemingly also tend to stay for a longer period of time. With the help of Halfacree's model of rural space, it is argued that the in‐migration of women serves just as much to sustain the region's traditional gender contract as to challenge it.     

中国城乡关系的文化地理特质

城乡关系不是单纯的社会经济现象,需要对它进行文化地理的研究。影响中国城乡关系长期历史演变的主要是水域特征和政策-文化。中国和西方城乡关系历史的最大差异在于:地中海孕育了希腊化时代外向型的城市文明,而内河流域为主的地理特征奠定了中国内向型的农耕文明;中国农业文明对城市文明的牵制使得文化对政策的选择依附特征突出,从而形成长期的城乡融合,这与西方单线式的经由城乡对立达到城乡一体化的路径大相径庭。中国城乡关系变革的最终价值取向是实现城乡社会的平等与融合。     

GENDER DIVISIONS IN URBAN SPACE: BEYOND THE RIGIDITY OF DUALIST CLASSIFICATIONS

The paper discusses the absence of gender from the analysis and understanding of urban development as a result of dichotomies, implicit or explicit, in much of urban research: private space vs public space, home life vs politics, domestic labor vs paid employment, reproduction vs production. It is argued that urban analysis and theorizing have focused almost exclusively on the latter part of such dichotomies, the one associated with men and masculinity. This is an emphasis on and valuation of the adult male's activities and experiences of urban development and a corresponding devaluation of the activities and experiences of women — thereby reproducing gender hierarchies and ways of thinking about them. To consider these questions, a historically and geographically specific context of urban development is presented: the municipality of Helioupolis in the Greater Athens area (Greece). This study helps explain how the boundaries of divisions and dichotomies are transcended in women's everyday lives; how women (and men) are not exclusively identified with either part of dichotomies; but also how dichotomies are often intensified — sometimes by perceptions and practices of women themselves.     

THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF A ROMAN VILLA: MARSHFIELD—IRONMONGERS PIECE

Summary. The development of the Romano-British villa at Marshfield is reinterpreted as several phases in the growth of a kin group, analogous to David Clarke's reinterpretation of the Glastonbury village. It begins with two native farmsteads separated by a wall but having in common a shrine. They are replaced by a bipartite house, the internal division between the households being above the demolished wall, but, symbolically, at an angle to it; a likely parallel for this exists in Picardy. The architectural relations of the rooms are used to interpret function. In a second phase alterations suggest the changing relations of the two households, with one becoming markedly superior to the other; the putative shrine, not discernible in the first Romanised phase, is located in the superior house.     

黄河中下游地区史前人口性别构成研究

人口统计学研究并不是单纯从生物学角度研究人口的自然属性,而主要是从社会学角度研究人口的性别构成及其对社会的影响。一般来说,自然界各种生物的两性比例是平衡的,这是生物发展的一般规律,也是物种繁衍发展的需要。人作为自然物种的一支,其两性比例亦应受到这种自然规律的制约。但由于人类具有特有的社会属性,因而在一定时期又存在性比失衡的现象。这种现象直接关系到结婚率和妇女生育率,从而决定人口出生率以及人口再生产速     

东北亚地缘政治特点与中韩经贸合作趋势

本文在简述亚太及东北亚地区战略格局的基础上,分析了东北亚地区的地缘政治的两个特点,探讨评价了中韩两国经贸合作的基础、原因,取得的成绩以及存在的不足,指出了两国今后经贸合作的趋势与方向。     

从欧洲共同体看亚太地区经济合作的发展趋势

本文以欧洲共同体的形成、发展为背景,对亚太地区经济合作的条件和前景进行初步探讨,并对中国在地区合作中的地位和作用进行初步分析。     

北极环境变化对中国的战略影响分析

北极地区的自然环境和社会环境正在发生深刻改变,将对世界和中国产生深远的战略影响。北极航道的开通将在一定程度上改变世界的海洋交通格局,在给中国带来机会的同时,也可能造成战略上的被动性。北极资源开发可行性的增大给中国增添了新的资源采购地选择和地缘经济参与机遇,同时也将带来新的挑战。北极地区地缘政治地位的上升将改变现有的世界地缘战略格局,产生新的地缘战略关系,给中国带来复杂的战略影响,中国需加强筹划应对。     

3. SPACE,PLACE, AND GENDER: THE SEXUAL AND SPATIAL DIVISION OF LABOR IN THE EARLY MODERN HOUSEHOLD

Much has been written about the history of the work of men and women in the premodern past. It is now generally acknowledged that early modern ideological assumptions about a strict division of work and space between men and productive work outside the house on the one hand, and women and reproduction and consumption inside the house, on the other, bore little relation to reality. Household work strategies, out of necessity, were diverse. Yet what this spatial complexity meant in particular households on a day‐to‐day basis and its consequences for gender relationships is less clear and has received relatively little historical attention. The aim of this paper is to add to our knowledge through a case study of the way that men and women used and organized space for work in the county of Essex during the “long seventeenth century”. Drawing on critiques of the concept of “separate spheres” and the models of economic change to which it relates, together with local/micro historical methods, it places evidence within an appropriate regional context to argue that spatial patterns were enormously varied in early modern England and a number of factors—time, place, occupation, and status, as well as gender—determined them. Understanding of the dynamic, complex, uneven purchase of patriarchy upon the organization, imagination, and experience of space has important implications for approaches to gender relations in early modern England. It raises additional doubts about the utility of the separate spheres analogy, and particularly the use of binary oppositions of male/female and public/private, to describe gender relations and their changes in this period and shows that a deeper understanding demands more research into the local contexts in which the gendered division and meaning of work was negotiated.     

论中国信息化的路径选择

十六大针对我国国情以及世界信息化的现实。提出了以信息化带动工业化的新型工业化道路。我国是在工业化尚未完成的条件下推进信息化的,要实现信息化带动工业化的目标,笔认为必须了解并正视中国信息化的初始条件,例如,生产力水平落后且呈现多层次性、产业结构不合理且第三产业的比例偏小、经济制度和经济体制亟待变迁、化变革不到位、政策法规不完善、教育水平低等。努力避免由于这些初始条件引起的路径依赖而产生的锁定。笔认为,为了避免锁定,作为政府应提高认识,关注长远与差别;重视发挥市场的主导作用;突出重点,发挥比较优势;扬长避短,处理好发展高新技术产业和传统产业的关系,资金技术密集型产业和劳动密集型产业的关系,信息技术的引进与开发的关系,只有这样才能使我国信息化进程顺利进行。     

NEW PATRIARCHAL ECONOMIES IN THE AUSTRALIAN TEXTILE INDUSTRY

Analyses seriously considering the importance of gender in the process of restructuring have been scarce, yet altered gender relations have been integral to these changes at all geographical scales. Vital interconnections exist between a restructuring capitalism and a reconstituting patriarchy. Initially, I clarify the concepts and the feminist politics which inform the analysis, and then I situate the Australian textile industry in a global context of new divisions of labour and capital. Connecting these global changes to a particular national economy provides the necessary background to understanding the transformations which have occurred in one textile plant in Geelong, Victoria over the last twenty years. At all scales, patriarchy and capitalism have interconnected in such a way as to ensure that renewed profitability and reasserted male authority are linked during restructuring. Restoration of capital accumulation in the Australian textile industry has thus been built on a redefined but also reaffirmed patriarchal economy.     

基于CHAID决策树方法的城市居民通勤时间影响因素分析——以南京为例

城市扩张带来通勤距离和通勤时间的增加,影响了城市居民生活质量的提高。因此,探究通勤时间影响因素对于改善通勤交通状况,提高居民生活质量具有现实的必要性。利用决策树分类方法中的CHAID模型,以南京市为例,在问卷调查数据整理和分析的基础上,论文探讨了南京市居民通勤时间影响因素和因素间的交互效应。结果表明:居民通勤最先选择的交通工具是最主要的影响因素,职业类型次之,性别、每月交通费、住房信息以及公共基础设施可达情况等也影响不同类群居民的通勤时间,但影响程度递减。最后,论文归纳了南京市居民关于通勤时间影响因素的若干特征,相应提出了改善通勤状况的建议。     

空间生产视角下我国城市行政区划调整的三元互动逻辑

在空间生产的视角下,行政区划调整不仅包括地域层面上对城市空间的重新划分,而且包括尺度层面上对社会关系和制度结构的系统重塑。将政府、市场与社会的行动和权力、资本、权利的三重逻辑整合起来,可以为分析城市行政区划调整提供一个全新的工具。在实践中,合作与互制是政府（权力）和市场（资本）的互动逻辑,监督与回应是政府（权力）和社会（权利）的互动逻辑,嵌入与互渗是市场（资本）和社会（权利）的互动逻辑。城市行政区划的调整不仅是政府、市场、社会主体相互博弈的结果,而且会不断重塑三类主体自身以及相互关系。     

都市现代性的性别地理——女性主义地理学的史前史与未来方向

运用历史地理唯物主义和女性主义地理学视角,建立奥斯曼在19世纪巴黎“创造性破坏”的城市规划和空间生产,与第一波女权运动的知识联结,推导女性主义地理学的史前史及其未来方向。研究发现,巴黎都市现代性的形成,使性别问题一开始就与阶级问题构成交叉关系;表现为“城-郊”二元结构及其在家庭私人空间、城市公共空间、拱廊街为代表的阈限空间等展现出来的有关资产阶级沙龙女性、工人阶级贫困女性和都市漫游者的三种不同形态的性别地理,以及表征主义和革命行动的两种性别政治。都市现代性的性别地理研究,为反思生物本质主义的性别体制、关注“后人类”未来基于赛博格、数字媒介城市和星球城市化的人地关系的性别研究,提供了未来方向。     

城市化的文学书写——基于社会-空间辩证法的《炸裂志》解析

以小说《炸裂志》为分析对象,利用社会-空间辩证法这一工具,对中国城市化的文学书写进行诠释。研究指出,《炸裂志》用“神实主义”的手法,反映出城市化对社会和权力关系的巨大影响、资本推动城市化的内在动因,以及城市化过程中社会意识形态的变迁。此外,利用桥接小说桥段与真实生活片段的方式,《炸裂志》记叙、再现与诠释了一个蒙太奇的城市化过程。《炸裂志》中记述的城市化与空间生产过程体现了社会-空间复杂的辩证关系。城市化是社会经济关系的空间体现;同时,空间生产对社会与权力关系亦发挥建构性的作用。空间的生产伴随着权力关系的生产,而对资本、权力与空间的争夺,也重构了社会的文化价值与身份认同。     

商代亲称区别字若干问题研究

目次一商代亲称前的数字问题二商代亲称前的大、中、小问题三商代亲称中的"高"与"毓"四结语简单而言,亲属称谓是指那些反映人们亲属关系的称谓,如祖、妣、父、母、兄、弟等一系列基本称谓。商代亲属称谓前的区别字意义重大,它和亲称共同规定了成员的家族乃至社会角色。然而,对于区别字问题,此前学者虽已有很好的讨论,但仍存留诸多问题有待进一步研究。     

新文化地理学视野下的消费空间研究进展

随着城市消费空间的大规模出现,消费主义景观成为新文化地理学最新、最重要的研究对象之一。相关研究内容主要集中在消费空间的象征意义、消费空间公正、消费空间性别政治和消费空间生产的研究等四个方面。论文从文化解析入手,剖析了消费空间的符号与象征意义、空间权力与空间公正的互构关系,消费主义语境下性别权力的空间诉求、消费空间生产等议题。在此基础上,总结出新文化地理学视野下消费空间的研究趋势：更加强调消费空间的社会、文化意义的研究,关注全球化背景下城市消费景观的塑造与蕴含的意识形态关系,重视探讨与消费空间相对应的现代人本性场所与亚文化体系的构建,以及“时空压缩”下消费空间生产机制与地方性建构的可能。     

中国国家旅游感知形象调查

旅游目的地形象对旅游者的目的地选择行为和满意度都具有至关重要的作用和影响。本文应用问卷调查法、因子分析法、方差分析法、均值比较法,探索性地研究外国游客对中国的旅游感知形象。对外国游客认可的中国独特形象、影响外国游客对中国旅游认知形象的主导因素、不同外国游客对中国的旅游认知形象的差异进行了深入分析。最后,提出塑造和改善中国国家旅游形象的三点建议:塑造鲜明国家旅游形象,加大旅游市场营销力度;改善交通接待设施,着力优化旅游环境;更新换代旅游产品,提高旅游服务水平。本研究可为中国国家旅游形象设计和提高中国入境旅游业服务水平提供有益参考。