拯救布雷顿森林体系：战后美国推动西欧国际货币合作的困境、妥协与实现

二战后欧洲出现的严重经济困难和“美元荒”问题,成为美国在西欧确立布雷顿森林体系的现实障碍。在冷战爆发的背景下,为拯救布雷顿森林体系,美国在马歇尔计划的制订过程中做出妥协与让步,淡化了经济援助与西欧国际货币合作目标之间的关系。在马歇尔计划实施后,美国通过经济合作署严格控制西欧国家对美元援助的使用,强化了对西欧国家的经济干预能力,并通过建立欧洲支付联盟,逐步主导西欧国际货币合作进程,最终在西欧地区确立了布雷顿森林体系。上述历史过程在一定程度上反映出美元霸权具有协商性的一面。     

二战期间美国筹建战后世界多边自由贸易体系的历程

第二次世界大战期间,美国在谋求建立战后世界“广泛而持久的”集体普遍安全政治体系的同时,亦致力于构建战后世界金融有序合作、贸易自由开放的全球经济体系。这项全球战略的经济目标,最初体现于1941年8月14日颁布的《大西洋宪章》,正式实施于1944年7月1—22日召开的布雷顿森林会议。     

马歇尔计划与美元霸权的确立

二战结束之际诞生的布雷顿森林体系虽为美元霸权提供了国际制度的平台,但美元霸权地位的真正起步却缘于冷战开始之际的马歇尔计划。通过援助西欧重建,美元实际上在布雷顿森林体系发挥作用之前已全面介入了西欧的经济,并由此起步演变成为战后世界的霸权货币。     

祁连山自然保护区森林防火体系建设与防控对策

在我国自然保护区当中,祁连山作为重要的组成部分,对于生态文明建设起着至关重要的作用。在祁连山的工作管理当中,森林防火体系建设与防控是林业部门的重要工作,这是因为森林火灾对于祁连山的资源会起到严重的破坏作用。本篇文章就祁连山自然保护区森林防火体系建设与防控对策进行了深入的分析和研究。     

森林病虫害防治检疫体系建设工作措施

我国林业发展过程中面临的发展挑战是多样的,为能使林业经济水平得以有效提升,这就需要从相应的管理工作方面加强重视,完善森林病虫害防治检疫体系,将相应的发展问题得以有效遏制,促进林业经济的良好发展.林业的管理工作开展涉及面较广,只有针对性地实施相应的管理举措,才能提高工作开展的质量.从理论层面,就森林病虫害防治的问题及防治...     

肯尼迪政府调节国际收支逆差的政策

肯尼迪在美国面临巨额国际收支逆差的背景下入主白宫。严重的逆差导致美国的黄金大量外流,引起西方世界对美元信用的置疑。因此,调节逆差成为肯尼迪政府的重要使命。肯尼迪政府调节逆差的政策主要体现在肯尼迪提交给国会的两份特别咨文中,即1961年2月6日的“黄金和国际收支逆差特别咨文”和1963年7月18日的“国际收支特别咨文”。以两份咨文为蓝本,有关部门展开了系列的开源节流行动。美国的逆差调节行动使美国政府内部和北约盟国间的斗争起伏跌宕,充分暴露出权力政治的实质。     

森林经营分类与森林培育的思考

我国森林覆盖率增长缓慢,但由于社会需求旺盛,开展各项工作过程中仍存在不少困难。森林经营分类与森林培育这两个方面在实行过程中,需要两者相辅相成,同步进行。另一方面,它可以充分满足市场需求,避免严重阻碍社会发展。从森林经营分类和森林培育入手,找出工作的重点,减少不利因素,为森林创造更多的价值。     

论继续解放思想与破解发展难题

党的十八大报告深刻指出:"解放思想、实事求是、与时俱进、求真务实,是科学发展观最鲜明的精神实质","着力把握发展规律、创新发展理念、破解发展难题"。马克思主义中国化是中国特色社会主义理论的形成和发展的基础,中国的事业要取得更大的新发展就要积极推进马克思主义中国化以及继续解放思想。改革开放以来发展史雄辩地证明,只有继续解放思想,才能推进中国特色社会主义不断前进,才能破解发展难题。     

世界历史发展进程中的第二次世界大战

第二次世界大战是资本主义陷入深刻危机的产物,使人类在物质上和精神上蒙受了前所未有的巨大双重劫难。但是,战后形成的社会主义新气象和殖民体系的瓦解,以及在国际关系中形成的各种维护世界和平与安全、促进全球经济发展与合作的新机制,进一步加快了世界历史的发展进程。战后的世界历史进入了一个以和平与发展为时代主题的新阶段。     

世界经济格局下的“中心—外围”体系的历史演进

<正>当前的全球经济失衡现象一直是各方关注的热点和重点问题。在描述当今纷繁复杂的国际经济格局时,以西方学者杜雷(Dooley)①等为首的经济学家提出一种新的范式,即所谓"复活的布雷顿森林体系",抑或"布雷顿森林体系Ⅱ"。近年来,关于这一体系的讨论大有愈演     

Reinterpreting Bretton Woods: International Development and the Neglected Origins of Embedded Liberalism

This article offers a reinterpretation of the origins of the 1944 Bretton Woods Agreements, one that is of particular significance to scholars of international development. Conventional wisdom holds that the Agreements were primarily a product of US–British negotiations between 1942 and 1944, in which little attention was paid to international development issues and the concerns of poorer countries. This article demonstrates that the innovative ‘embedded liberal’ vision of Bretton Woods was in fact first put forward in the context of US–Latin American financial relations in the 1938–42 period, and that this experience influenced the subsequent Bretton Woods negotiations. The analysis highlights that the architects of Bretton Woods did not ignore development issues but rather attempted to pioneer a new model for both North–North and North–South economic relations. If this has been subsequently overlooked by historians, it may be because this latter feature of Bretton Woods was quickly buried by US policy makers in the immediate post‐war years. This historical reinterpretation helps both to explain some important puzzles about the origins of the Bretton Woods Agreements and to shed new light on the place of international development issues in the evolution of the post‐war international economic order.     

Continuity,Discontinuity and Incoherence in the Bretton Woods Order: A Hirschmanian Reading

This article examines the effects of the Asian crisis and especially the global financial crisis on developmental finance (that is, long‐term project finance and counter‐cyclical liquidity support) and the global financial architecture. In this connection three claims are advanced. The first is positive: that the crises occasioned meaningful although ad hoc, uneven discontinuities. The conjunction of discontinuities and continuities is imparting incoherence to the developmental and global financial architecture. The second claim is normative and controversial. Contrary to the common narrative, emergent incoherence is (on balance) productive of development and stability rather than debilitating. Actors in parts of the global South and East enjoy greater opportunities for institutional experimentation today in comparison with the limited space available in the coherent neoliberal era when the Bretton Woods institutions were monolithic. All of the experiments underway are not equally likely to survive, but even failures can provide lessons and networks that contribute to future successes. Emergent redundancy and new networks of institutional cooperation increase financial resilience. The article also explores the risks of incoherence and redundancy. The third claim is that productive incoherence can be understood within a ‘Hirschmanian mindset’ — an understanding of change and development informed by Albert Hirschman's theoretical and epistemic commitments.     

Multilateral Development Finance in Non‐Western Thought: From Before Bretton Woods to Beyond

Recent initiatives of China and other emerging powers to create new multilateral development lending institutions (MDLIs) are often portrayed as efforts to build upon and/or reform an idea pioneered by Western officials during the Bretton Woods negotiations. However, recent literature has shown that support for MDLIs also had deeper non‐Western roots in the pre‐Bretton Woods era. What led thinkers outside the West to propose MDLIs in that earlier period? How might their ideas be relevant to current non‐Western initiatives to create new MDLIs? This article addresses these questions with a special focus on the ideas of China's Sun Yat‐sen (1866–1925) and Peru's Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre (1895–1979). Although their intellectual journeys were quite distinct and their specific proposals differed, these two thinkers advocated the creation of MDLIs for similar reasons that stemmed from their anti‐imperialist sentiments. Their ideas find some echoes in current non‐Western initiatives.     

山林“隐者”知多少——后屯村生态摄影散记

<正>后屯村位于凤凰山西北方向,凤城县附近,需要绕过几个大岭才能进村。山路蜿蜒盘曲像一条卧龙,进山最先映入眼帘的是两颗系有红绳的粗壮老柞树,像两位守护神,在悬崖峭壁旁默默见证、记录着沧桑岁月。这两棵柞树据说都已百岁高龄,红绳是山里人系上去的,祈望得到神树庇佑。过了老柞树就进入了群山的怀抱,阳光不时被云层遮挡,变幻的区域光     

孔祥熙出席布利顿森林货币会议期间致蒋介石密电

1944年7月,中、美、苏、英等多国代表在布利顿森林召开货币会议,为建立战后国际金融秩序奠定了基础.中国参加会议代表孔祥熙7月2日至22日向蒋介石汇报会议情形的6件密电,对于了解会议期间各国立场及中方所作贡献有所助益.