目录学视野下的《论语》变迁

伴随《论语》在儒家经典的地位的上升,以目录学为观察视角探析《论语》在众多的目录著作中由最初的＂经之附庸＂,逐步发展为一个固定类目,梳理《论语》类目在目录著作中的分合衍化,在经过了先秦两汉、魏晋至隋、唐宋、明清四个阶段后,由《论语》类目发展为＂四书＂类目的脉络。     

The coming of age of the history of archaeology

Publications and organizational developments relating to the history of archaeology from 1989 until June 1993 are critically examined. Attention is paid to the changing motivations for producing such publications, their shifting intellectual orientation, controversies, especially as they relate to internal vs external approaches and the epistemological status of explanations, problems of verification, and the status of these studies as a subfield within archaeology.     

Kinetics of Stone Degradation of the Castle of Chambord in France

A multidisciplinary approach combining scientific and historical data is developed in order to identify the environmental factors that cause degradation of stones and to attempt to date the onset of degradation and assess the time needed for its development. The method is applied to the Castle of Chambord, a prestigious monument in the Loire Valley in France. The genesis of the two main types of degradation (spalling and flaking) and the kinetics of their development are identified and analysed. The correlation between the different mappings and iconographic documents reveal that flaking develops on any type of fine limestone and can appear less than 60 years after the stone is placed on the castle for Richemont limestone, and less than 10 years for tuffeau. The other main type of degradation, spalling, is limited to tuffeau, but it is more difficult to quantify the kinetics of its development.     

Paths of Evolution of Rural Settlements

Rural places are discussed in terms of predominantly farming communities, nonfarm communities and places with mixed functions. In the case of farming communities, Soviet policy is to encourage consolidation to optimal sizes of 1000 or 2000 people, to make possible better services than can be extended to single-dwelling and other very small settlements. An increasing share of nonfarm settlements among rural places reflects the operation of three kinds of processes: the appearance of places related to nonfarm use of the territory (mining, transportation, recreation, etc.); the transformation of rural places, especially in suburban zones into dormitory settlements; and the development of small-scale local industry.     

史前信仰中神龙形象来源刍议

自古埃及以降的闪米特文明都有神奇蛇的信仰,但这些蛇都是克托尼俄斯的神物,代表地下界,从不升天也不飞翔,这种信仰符合蛇的自然本质。中国的龙为天神,既不符合蛇的本质,又和其他古文明崇拜的蛇神形象大异其趣。中国龙的形象来自昆虫。在大自然中,只有昆虫能由蛇体化为鸟形,也只有昆虫能暂死后再生、升天。古人神化昆虫,这实为龙的形象与崇拜来源。不同地区的萨满教,都有崇拜昆虫变形、羽化神能的痕迹。中国先民确有尚虫信仰。中国龙可能更近似于古埃及的金龟蜣螂甲虫崇拜。尽管埃及的金龟和中国的龙崇拜在起源、发展上关联性不大,但两者的信仰观念与象征意义却相当接近。夏禹形貌为虬龙,其名"禹",恰和"虫"同字,故龙、虫义同。     

Export of Services of Servicing Exports?

Information and communications technology has ensured that many producer services, as well as more ‘basic’ services such as transportation or insurance, are now more tradable than ever. All the indications are that this trade will increase. This has raised the international profile of service and altered governments to their potential as sources of export revenue. This is seen as one way of enhancing national (or regional) economic performance. But should this be assumed to be a panacea for improving national economic growth and restructuring? The general pattern and structure of international trade in services is examined to show that, while valuable, the direct contribution of services to national exports is actually growing relatively slowly and the pattern of trade is highly concentrated. It may actually be important to recognize and nurture the indirect contribution of services to overall national export activity. Goods production and distribution is increasingly dependent on service knowledge and skill; its export competitiveness is a function of the expertise and intellectual knowledge (mainly services) incorporated in the products, the ‘value’ of those products to consumers, and the ways in which they reach out to their markets.     

Centenary of the Department of Geography,University of Aberdeen

ABSTRACT

Prior to the amalgamation of Aberdeen’s two medieval universities in 1860, Geography had been taught to undergraduate students at both King’s and Marischal Colleges since at least the late 16th Century. First mooted in the early 1900s, it was not until 1919 that a lectureship in Geography at Aberdeen was created and a ‘Department of Geography’ came into being. In this contribution we chronicle how, over a century, the Geography department has evolved, highlighting developments in the curriculum and research-related activities. The early decades of the Department were shaped by John McFarlane, the first and only full-time appointee in Geography until his retirement in 1945. The post-World War II period, led by Andrew O’Dell, saw Geography develop into a large and influential Department. During the 1960s and 1970s, the Department (and University) experienced unprecedented levels of growth. Student numbers, research output and income accelerated apace. In the recent past national assessments of research and teaching quality and institutional restructuring have prompted further change. As the Department enters a second century it remains committed to delivering a high quality education to undergraduate and postgraduate students and to the pursuit of excellent geographical research.     

龙游石窟砂岩的水稳定性研究

通过对龙游石窟砂岩胶结泥质中粘土矿物—蒙脱石的性质和结构特征;岩石中各类矿物在水中溶解度的变化;岩体与水反应的表面积,即岩石的孔隙率;与其相作用的水的化学性质,特别是水的pH值变化等方面的测试研究,证明被淹没在水下的石窟砂岩洞室相对较稳定。但洞室的水被抽干后,由于水环境的突变以及随后环境湿度的频繁变化,大大加速了洞室的风化。     

Pufendorf disciple of Hobbes: The nature of man and the state of nature: The doctrine of socialitas

No doctrine of Pufendorf's is better known than that of socialitas. The reason is that Pufendorf himself declared that socialitas was the foundation of natural law. No interpreter of Pufendorf can therefore avoid dealing with it. Moreover, Pufendorf linked the issue of socialitas to the question of the state of nature, thus raising important issues with both theological and philosophical implications.

Given the prominence and importance of this theme in Pufendorf's work, a close analysis of what he meant by it is central to the interpretation of his work, even though this means to pose again a new number of questions already discussed in the scholarly literature. In particular, this article examines the relationship between Pufendorf and Hobbes with regard to this central theme. In fact, a traditional historiographic topos is that Pufendorf and Hobbes fundamentally disagree on the doctrine of socialitas, while the former is closer to Grotius and to the Aristotelian-classic tradition that see man as a social animal.

This article takes, instead, Pufendorf to be a follower of Hobbes, and tries to explain how the more traditional view of Pufendorf as a critic of Hobbes was in some way due to Pufendorf's own attempt to distance himself from the accusations of Hobbesism (and hence of atheism and moral indifference) that the critics made against him when his work first appeared. In order to do this, Pufendorf tried to rethink his own position within the history of ethics, and put himself on the side of the Stoics, of Grotius and of Cumberland, against Epicurus and Hobbes. This retrospective ‘illusion’ has greatly influenced later scholarship, giving us a distorted image of Pufendorf's own view of socialitas. A more precise account of the latter gives a better prospective from which to look at the relationship between Pufendorf and Hobbes.     

Politics of Reading: Cultural Politics of Homelessness

Reading opens up important avenues for political action. Reading is political in the sense that social groups produce and resist, advance and censor readings of key cultural texts, according to their power to do so and their interests in doing so. This paper examines the politics of reading in relation to cultural politics of homeless-ness. It does so by considering readers and readings of Johnny Go Home (1975), a British television documentary drama about homeless young people, and a cultural text that was open to different readings and political uses. Like many other representations of homeless people, Johnny Go Home revolved around a small number of stereotypes. However, these stereotypes were interpreted and used differently by different readers, according to their power to read and their interests in doing so. Broadly distinct interpretive communities, identified as liberal and conservative, used their respective readings of the programme to advance different solutions to contemporary homelessness. These readings were put to significant legislative use,for they were mobilised in the formal and informal political discourse that culminated in Britain's first direct legislation on behalf of homeless people. More generally, the various readings of Johnny Go Home underline the political significance of the consumption, as well as the production, of representations.     

The Rhetoric of Rhetoric: A Review Essay of McCloskey's The Rhetoric of Economics

The homeostatic method, which was developed to reconstruct the number of inhabitants of a city or even a country in pre-statistical periods, has yet to receive much attention from demographic historians. Applied first to Amsterdam during the years from 1586 to 1865, the method has subsequently been used to compute the population of other places, including England from 1541 to 1871. The author reviews major schools of thought in historical demography and shows that the homeostatic method, with its emphasis on fertility regulated by marriages, logically extends some schools and is both simpler and more accurate than others. He then explains the method in detail, applying it to Dutch and English cases, and compares its estimates with those obtained through the use of other techniques.     

口述史学的特征与中共党史的研究

口述史学是搜集、保存和传播口述史料 ,以口述历史为研究对象的一门历史学分支学科。口述史学具有主体性、综合性、社会性、民主性的特征 ,开创了历史研究的一种新模式 ,对于拓展历史研究的领域、增强历史研究成果的真实性和可读性、减轻历史研究的学院气息功不可没。援引口述史方法研究中共历史对党史学科自身发展具有重要作用 ,迄今为止的中共历史研究和关涉中共历史的研究中 ,业已有了不少口述历史成果 ,但要做和可做的工作还有很多。     

“文化主体属于人民”思想是中国共产党文化思想的基石

中国共产党在90年长期的革命和建设实践中,逐步深化完善了“人民当家作主”和“文化主体属于人民”的思想,这对中华文化的发展,融入现代化是一伟大贡献。 在当前的社会条件下,这一观念得到了进一步的升华。由政治概念发展为法律观念,由执政理念发展为国家层面的价值理念。通过对这一问题的梳理,指出中国共产党在观念上,在实践中,都必须遵循人民主体的原则,把顺应人民的道义作为主流文化的历史使命。     

The Primacy of Science in Modernity,of Technology in Postmodernity,and of Ideology in the History of Technology

The abrupt reversal of culturally ascribed primacy in the science–technology relationship—namely, from the primacy of science relative to technology prior to circa 1980, to the primacy of technology relative to science since about that date—is proposed as a demarcator of postmodernity from modernity: modernity is when ‘science’ could, and often did, denote technology too; postmodernity is when science is subsumed under technology. In support of that demarcation criterion, I evidence the breadth and strength of modernity’s presupposition of the primacy of science to and for technology by showing its preposterous hold upon social theorists—Marx, Veblen, Dewey—whose principles logically required the reverse, viz. the primacy of practice; upon 19th and 20th century engineers and industrialists, social actors whose practical interests likewise required the reverse; and upon the principal theorizers in the 1970s of the role of science in late 20th century technology and society. The reversal in primacy between science and technology ca 1980 came too unexpectedly, too quickly, and, above all, too unreflectively to have resulted from the weight of evidence or the force of logic. Rather, it was a concomitant of the onset of postmodernity. Oddly, historians of technology have remained almost wholly unacknowledging of postmodernity’s epochal elevation of the cultural standing of the subject of their studies, and, specifically, have ignored technology’s elevation relative to science. This I attribute to the ideological character of that discipline, and, specifically, to its strategy of ignoration of science.     

《四库全书总目》纠误两则

于中国历史与文化的研究赐惠颇多的《四库全书总目》亦有纰漏之处,我们发现该书在明代史料鉴别上出现了两处失误:将《姜氏秘史》与《革除编年》、《续藏书》与《熙朝名臣实录》各自看作两本不同的书,并给予迥异的评价。通过考证,《革除编年》即《姜氏秘史》,《熙朝名臣实录》即《续藏书》。《四库全书总目》一书两收两评的失误,让我们体会到当时政治对学术的干预及做学问之难。     

Conventions of climate change: constructions of danger and the dispossession of the atmosphere

Climate change has emerged as one of the key issues of the early years of the twenty-first century, bringing together concerns about human relations to nature, the responsibility of rich nations to poorer, the links from local activities to global conditions, and the obligations of present to future generations. This paper focuses on three key ‘narratives’ that are enshrined in international climate policy – asserting that ‘dangerous climate change’ is to be avoided; that the responsibility for climate change is common but differentiated; and that the market (in the form of carbon trading) is the best way to reduce the danger. The goal of the paper is to analyse the origins of these narratives, the power relations they reflect and promote, and some of the concepts and images used to support them, including those of climate determinism, climate stabilisation, ‘burning embers’, ‘tipping points’, Global Warming Potentials, targets and timetables, and carbon credits. I argue that by choosing the market solution of trading carbon we have created a new and surreal commodity, unfairly allocated pollution rights to nation states based on 1990 emission levels, and established a new set north–south relations and carbon transactions in the name of sustainable development.     

Methodological Principles of the Curriculum of a Geography Faculty

The chairman of the Department of General Physical Geography and Paleogeography reviews the history of the curriculum of the Geography Faculty and proposes reforms. These are designed to train geographers for both academic and applied research, to provide a sound specialization against a background of general geographic courses, to make appropriate use of the exact sciences, to reduce the number of lecture hours and encourage more independent work by students, and to encourage geophysical, geochemical and other cross-disciplines to insure an integrated approach to geography.     

The Signing of the Sino-Iranian Treaty of 1920

This article looks at the efforts China and Iran made towards strengthening themselves and their search for independence and integrity after the First World War. Since the nineteenth century, the two countries had been in a similar situation, under pressure from treaties and rivalries with European powers. The change of the world order brought about by the 1914–18 war created an opportunity for China and Iran to claim back their rights, such as ending extra-territoriality. After the war, the Fourteen Points drawn up by the American president, Woodrow Wilson, gave hope for China and Iran to maintain their independence and integrity. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, China and Iran made both gains and losses. China was unable to solve the Shandong Problem but became one of the founding members of the League of Nations, while Iran did not get access to the Peace Conference but obtained Britain’s assurance of independence and integrity by signing the Anglo-Iranian Treaty of 1919, and then joined the League of Nations. China and Iran attempted to bring about cooperation between Asian countries, and therefore signed a treaty in 1920. The significance of the treaty was that the two countries agreed not to grant extra-territoriality to each other, which was what both countries were seeking to achieve at that time.     

Study of the Shape of Rural Communities

Recent research on the configuration of populated communities is found to suffer from the fact that it seeks to isolate shape from size and orientation. The authors dispute the view, underlying central-place theory, that minimum-distance or minimum-energy concepts are fundamental to spatial relations. An equally basic tendency in geographic phenomena, it is suggested, is a disregard for efficiency criteria at various stages of development. Shape, size, and spatial orientation are viewed as representing a unity that reflects the interaction of these two opposed tendencies. Accordingly a technique is proposed for the analysis of community shapes, seeking to establish the magnitude of deviation from an equal-area circle. The method is applied to 203 communities in Ukrainian and Siberian areas, representing different physical and economic conditions. In both situations a predominant tendency toward southward expansion of communities is observed, and configurational deviations from the equal-area circle are found to increase in middle and upper size classes. (The senior author, A. M. Smirnov, died in July, 1969.)     

纸质文物变色原因及脱色方法研究进展

本文针对纸质文物的载体——纸张的变色进行探讨。从纸张的原料组成如纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、树脂等方面分析了造成纸质文物变色的原因。为了恢复纸张原有的颜色,就必须破坏发色基团,包括将发色基团的共轭双键打开;将发色基团和助色基团分开;改变助色基团的化学结构;通过氧化破坏双键或侧链,减少发色物质;改变发色基团结构。目前常用的脱色方法有氧化法、还原法和液体光漂等。本文概述了常用的脱色方法的机理及用于纸质文物脱色的优缺点。各种方法对纸张都有一定的破坏作用。因此在决定进行脱色之前要根据实际情况选择合适的方法。选择脱色方法的原则是有效性和尽量小的危害,脱色后要进行彻底洗涤。