CNT#微调查#

古往今来,每个行走在旅途上的人多少部有一些小小的“癖好”,五百年前,哥伦布跨越大西洋时,常常会在夜晚对着星空看上几个小时,令周围的人大为不解。如今,探险、旅行已经成为人们生活的一部分,一些小小的“癖好”也为旅途增添了许多趣味。你是否也有一些可告或不可告人的小“癖好”？     

城镇化进程中德州“两区同建”研究

近年来。我国城镇化建设的步伐在逐步加快。德州是典型农业大市,为加快城镇化发展,采用“两区同建”的发展思路。通过几年的实践,取得了一些成绩,也存在着一些问题。本文就德州“两区同建”的意义、存在的问题及相关对策和“两区同建”的启示进行探讨,以有助于加快德州的城乡统筹发展和城镇化建设步伐。     

医生为什么又称“大夫”和“郎中”

将医生称为“大夫”,至今仍十分流行;称作“郎中”者,除了一些耄耋老人外,社会上已经鲜见。但在几十年前,“郎中”作为医生的别称还很普遍。     

介绍几方汉代县极官印

河南省博物馆馆藏印章中,有几方汉代时期的县级官印,是当时一些“县令”和 “县尉”的遗物,现分别介绍如下: 一、“归德尉印”。印为正方形,边长2.3厘米,通高1.8厘米,瓦形钮,铜铸。印面为阴文纂刻“归德尉印”四字(图左上)。     

我眼中的邓颖超大姐

1966年“文革”暴风雨骤至,我一夜之间变成“牛鬼蛇神”。此后几年我和周恩来同志、邓颖超大姐即割断了一切联系。倘若在平常的日子,每年我们都会有三五次去探望他们,在会议或工作上的接触还会多一些。“文革”期间,从     

苏轼贬官后并不节俭

苏轼因为“乌台诗案”被贬官至黄州,昔日正七品的“祠部员外郎”成了“检校水部员外郎充黄州团练副使”,每月除了一点微薄的基本工资,其他工资福利基本停发了,每年只能领几瓶“官酒”加一些退瓶费。     

岭南古代居民拔牙习俗的考古发现

拔牙,也称拔齿,古代文献中又称“凿齿”、“折齿”、“缺齿”、“断齿”、“打牙”等。是原始居民及流传到近代一些民族在年轻时,基于传统文化的因素,以人工方法拔掉或凿去特定的几颗健康强壮的恒齿改变牙齿形态的一种风俗习惯,以损伤身体,达到装饰或标明个人的身份与社会地位。有的部落和民族甚至以这种拔牙形体特征为称号,被称为“凿齿之民”、“凿齿之人”、“打牙仡佬”等等。     

小说“办实事”

语言,随着时代的发展而发展,随着生活的丰富而丰富。 但有时候也出现一些奇特现象。 “今年为群众办了几件实事。”这是成绩。“明年继续努力办成几件实事。”这是决心…… 在我的印象中,旧中国没有“实事”这个词（只说语言）,新中国建立初期也没有这个词。这个词有鲜明的时代印记。 “实事”的对立面是“虚事”、“假事”、只说不做或虚言惑众的大话。 从接受教训,改进工作或者纯洁祖国语言角度来说,我建议最好不用这个词。 亩产水稻几万斤,全省多少万人参加公共食堂,几年内建设十来个大庆,几年实现农业机械化……有一般鉴别能力…     

川西春节年味浓

春节,俗称过年,川西民间最盛大的传统节日。“爆竹一声除旧岁”,“总把新桃换旧符”。从腊月初到除夕,谓“备年”;从除夕到正月初五,谓“过年”;从正月初六到正月十五,谓“贺年”。成都锦江、都江堰、崇州、邛崃、龙泉的一些乡镇接连唱几十本（天）大戏,要足足欢庆三四十天。     

地租率研究及有关方法问题

本篇是对我的“地租率研究”批评的一个“答疑”。连带着也对有关的“数据史料”问题、史学的“数量化”以及“科学化”等问题给出一个“与众不同”的回答。我写的几篇关于地租研究的文章① 发表以后 ,受到学界一些同仁的批评质疑 ,意见主要集中在有关数字结论的可靠性问题 ,地租率下降的原因等几个方面 ;这又不能不涉及研究方法上的一些并非不重要的问题。本文就是为此所作的一个“答疑” ,并希望大家批评指正。一关于数字史料的可靠性问题 ,是针对拙文———如果说地租实收率约占租额的七八成( 70— 80 % )的话 ,那么实际地租率只有单位面…     

Study on the Material and Manufacturing Technology of Different Types of Longquan Ware Imitations from Dapu Kiln of Guangdong Province in the Ming Dynasty of China (ad 1368–1644)

Research on ancient Longquan wares and their imitations has attracted considerable attention. Using a series of experimental methods, including micro X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μ‐XRF), X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), polarizing microscopy (PLM), dilatometry (DIL) and spectrophotometery, different samples of Longquan imitations from Dapu in Guangdong Province were collected and analysed. The study of different types of celadon from the Dapu kiln factories shows that the pale yellow body had a higher TFe₂O₃ content, and the body material must therefore have been treated differently or have come from a different source. The SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ contents in the body can be used as auxiliary parameters to identify Longquan wares and its imitations. The study also found that both kinds of glaze recipe—including calcium–alkali glaze and alkali–calcium glaze—existed in the Dapu products, which suggested that while imitating Longquan ware, the potters in Dapu also showed innovation in the recipe for the glaze material. Moreover, there were some differences in the TFe₂O₃ content, as well as the size, number and distribution of bubbles in the different types of glaze. Finally, the study revealed that the material of both the saggars and separators were composed of another porcelain clay, different from that of the celadon body. In addition, the white and compact body of the celadon had a higher firing temperature, of 1140–1187 °C, compared with other types of wares, which had a lower firing temperature of 1050–1080 °C.     

Comparison of the Different Types of Qinghua Porcelain from Jingdezhen in the Yuan Dynasty of China (ad 1271–1368) by Micro X‐ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (μ‐XRF) and Microscopy

The Yuan Qinghua porcelain produced in the city of Jingdezhen, in China, mainly includes the gaudy blue type, a blue–grey or grey‐coloured type and the type featuring a blue colour with a slight amount of grey. For a long time, only the gaudy blue type was focused on and discussed, while the other two types, which contain equally important information with regard to recovering the manufacturing technology of Yuan Qinghua, were always ignored by scientific researchers. In this paper, by using micro X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μ‐XRF), spectrophotometry and optical microscopy, all three different types of Yuan Qinghua porcelain are analysed systemically and, based on the analyses of the body, the glaze and the blue decoration, the differences in the materials and the manufacturing technologies of the three different types are discussed. This not only provides a good basis for the reconstruction of the whole picture of the manufacturing process of Yuan Qinghua porcelains in Jingdezhen, but also contributes to database‐building for the identification of Qinghua porcelain.     

谈茶叶末釉瓷器

“茶叶末釉”始见于《陶雅》,是指清代官窑中釉面呈失透状.釉色黄、绿参杂的瓷器。本文追溯了茶叶末釉的渊源和演变,着重介绍了其在清雍正、乾隆朝的突出特色.并揭示了其于釉色、造型方面的审美特征。     

长沙窑乳浊釉制瓷技术的科技研究

长沙窑是中国唐代著名外销窑口,早期烧制青釉产品、后期发展到烧制青釉彩瓷和乳浊釉彩瓷,成为当时中外文化交流阶段性总结的集大成者。而长沙窑广泛使用的乳浊釉,特别是乳浊白釉为其彩绘提供了重要的釉层,是长沙窑彩瓷能够大放光彩的基础之一。鉴于此,为研究长沙窑乳浊釉制瓷技术,以铜官窑遗址和黄泗浦遗址出土的长沙窑瓷片为研究对象,利用光学显微镜、能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜和分光光度计等多种仪器,对长沙窑胎体和釉层进行了测试,着重探讨和揭示了长沙窑乳浊釉瓷的胎体原料、釉层乳浊机理、釉层原料以及兴起原因,为全面认识长沙窑乳浊釉瓷的制釉技术来源和科技内涵提供科学依据。     

宋代湖田窑青白釉瓷的装饰工艺

湖田窑是景德镇诸青白釉窑中历史最久,范围最广,工艺最精的窑场,其产品多样,造型精美,纹饰丰富美观,冠绝群窑,装饰技法独特,本通过对装饰工艺的研究,进而考察青白釉瓷的窑业技术。     

瓷瓶最美玉壶春——中国古代文物审美思考

瓷器是我先民对人类文化的伟大贡献。自它发明的那一天起,就不仅具有实用价值,而且还具有越来越高的艺术价值、美学价值和商业价值。中国瓷器,是艺术的宝库,如果从商代原始瓷器算起,它已有四千多年的历史。如从汉晋青瓷算起,也有两千多年的历史。因古代的瓷器系手工生产,并非模制,故瓷器造型随工匠之心所欲,多种多样。它是伴随中国历史文化发展时间较长的一类器物,也是与人们日常生活关系最为密切的一类器物。     

明清期间景德镇祭红釉的化学组成对比研究及其科技意义

为了进一步讨论明清两代祭红釉的发展沿革,用探针型能量色散X荧光光谱技术测定了10片明永乐祭红釉和胎的化学组成,并结合已发表的相关数据,进行了对明清期间祭红釉和胎的对比研究。结果表明,明代（永乐-宣德—万历）的祭红釉相比于清代（康熙—雍正-乾隆）的R2O＋RO（wt％）平均值约低20％,RO／R2O（mol/mol）平均值约低45％,RO2／R2O2,（mol/mol）平均值约高34％。明代永乐和宣德的祭红釉胎式分布RO：（m01）值均大于5．8,而清代样品均小于5．4。明清两代祭红釉化学组成的突然变化（shift）,可能暗示明代的制釉工艺在清代已经失传,而在清代则白行发展起来。     

中国孔雀蓝釉器物的产生及其原因探讨

孔雀蓝釉在中国唐代已能够自己生产,并使用于建筑之上;孔雀蓝釉器物在中国出现于宋代,金代中期即１２世纪晚期开始连续生产,目前发现山西地区是主要产地之一,而且直接影响到后来山西出现的法花釉,它与中亚、西亚的孔雀蓝釉有一定的渊源关系,它的发展与道教有某种程度的联系。     

匈奴饰牌类型辨析

饰牌是匈奴物质文化遗存的典型代表之一,主要作带扣、腰带饰、马具饰、首饰配件和"古玩"等五种用途.以装饰母题作为分类依据将匈奴饰牌划分为动物纹、人物活动纹、几何纹三型.战国到西汉时期是匈奴饰牌发展最鼎盛的时期.饰牌同时并存多种形制,并因题材选取的不同形成各自的系列.饰牌由原来的单一品种向系列化发展,创作母题从自然领域转向社会生活领域.     

Pottery technology in the Tang dynasty (ninth century ad): archaeometric analyses of a Gongyi sherd found at Siraf,Iran

In 1969–70, a single Tang dynasty blue‐spotted Gongyi sherd was found at Siraf, Iran, the main trading port on the Persian Gulf in the early Islamic period. This is the only known example of Chinese blue‐and‐white ware, whether low‐ or high‐fired, found in the Middle East from such an early date. The sherd provides direct archaeological evidence for the Indian Ocean trade between China and the Middle East in the ninth century ad . The body paste, clear glaze and blue glaze or pigment were analysed by thin‐section petrography, scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (SEM‐EDX) and X‐ray fluorescence (XRF). The technological analysis reveals the different steps of the chaîne opératoire: clay mixing, slip and glaze application, and decoration with the cobalt blue glaze before high‐temperature firing. These steps are characteristic of Tang stoneware production at Gongyi in Henan province, China. The use of cobalt blue pigment as part of a simple spotted decoration scheme on the Gongyi sherd, and its find context within the Middle East, provides evidence for the complex interplay and influence occurring between Chinese and Middle East ceramic industries at this time. Closely comparable examples of contemporary low‐fired earthenware ceramics with cobalt blue decoration on a white tin glaze manufactured within the Middle East also occur within the same assemblage from Siraf.