日本商家家训的基本特征及其历史评价

作为日本家训的重要组成部分,商家家训是日本传统文化的一个重要裁体。商家家训的内容和形式虽各有迥异,但核心功能重在家业、训诫对象超越家族、实用主义色彩浓厚和教育形式灵活多样等却是其共有的基本特征。就其历史功用而言,商家家训在家族稳定发展、规范商业经营、促进社会教育等方面发挥了积极作用,然而家训中主张墨守祖业等思想,却在一定程度上抑制了商人创新意识和开拓精神。     

日本近世大名家训中的武家政治思想

近世日本是建立在武力统治和身份统治基础上的封建家族国家,虽然其以中国的儒学为统治思想,但是统治阶级始终坚持尚武为立国之本,把尚武习武看成是执政者和有教养者的重要标志,认为在治世能保持尚武精神的武士才是真武士。关于君臣关系,在“家”观念支配下,他们认为君臣关系是建立在同一家族共同体基础上的,家臣与主君同样对家的延续兴亡负有责任。他们的忠君观念具有家族主义和集团主义色彩,具有超越主君个人而把家国作为忠诚对象的特征。近世武士阶级在中国儒学的影响下,能够自觉地从治国安民这一政治角度考虑百姓的生活,并且达到“为国家人民立君”这样的政治高度。     

A Family Business: The Bartholomews of Edinburgh in the First World War

This article examines the lived experience of the Bartholomew family of Edinburgh during the course of the First World War. Families, as much as nations, empires and other communities, were important participants in the conflict that collapsed the boundaries between the various battlefronts and homefront like none before. The Bartholomews’ letters to one another were the chief means by which the shared experience of total war was mediated and constructed, as well as a vital source for ascertaining the role played by the family in their nation’s war effort. In them, we can see the way unpalatable truths were concealed beneath literary tropes, drawn from the language of glory and sacrifice, but also the way such sentiments were real and deeply felt to a generation not yet experienced in the cynicism and sarcasm that the war occasioned in the English language as much as the mind. These letters also represent a form of organically created propaganda that sustained the Bartholomews’ morale and commitment to the war effort, and also their collective identity as a family unit, despite the scattering of parents and siblings from Edinburgh, to Flanders, and northern Italy.     

清皇室发源地及清肇祖探讨

本对当前有争议的清室发源地和清肇祖问题进行了深入考辨,提出了清室发源地为东城即今吉林省敦化市之说,同时提出了清肇祖孟特穆并非猛哥帖木儿的看法,对这方面问题的研究多有助益。     

汉宋之间:宝应刘氏的学术传衍及其意蕴

清代汉学与宋学大体属于对立的学派,但汉学的兴起和发展始终受宋学影响,宝应刘氏汉学家更具有典型意义。他们传承清初理学,逐渐转重考据研究,治汉学而不排斥宋学,重视并践履宋学的修身主题。凝聚了刘氏三代人心血的《论语正义》也体现了调融汉宋的学术特征。     

后秦立国前羌族姚氏动向之探析

羌族姚氏作为内迁“五胡”的一支,从雄踞于河湟,到辗转关陇、关东,再回归到关中,这绝不仅仅是空间坐标上的简单移位。其实,姚氏的这一动向,使得这支羌族的内部不断发生着“质”的变化：军事实力的增强、民族素质的提高、独立意识的觉醒等等,这都为淝水战后,后秦的立国奠定了深厚的基础。     

从分家继产之讼看清代的法律与社会--道光、光绪年间陕西相关案例分析

在清代 ,有关继承的纠纷主要发生在家产继承方面 ,通常表现为围绕无子孙家庭的立嗣和分家析产两个问题所产生的矛盾 ,妇女的继承问题在其中也占有一定比例。这些纠纷在当时地方官员的判牍中大量出现 ,一方面体现了社会的发展和观念的变迁 ,另一方面也体现了法律援助的力量。在制定法主要为刑法的情况下 ,地方官员在民事纠纷的审理过程中参考民间习惯 ,并在推理过程中应用情理原则 ,具有积极意义。而制定法也并非一成不变 ,在社会发展的推动下 ,它的一些内容也相应做出了调整 ,这在法律与社会的互动关系中是一种符合时代要求的推动力。