Between history and hagiography: Eadmer of Canterbury's vision of the Historia novorum in Anglia

Written between c.1093 and the end of the 1120s, Eadmer of Canterbury's Historia novorum in Anglia is one of the best-known sources for the study of Anglo-Norman political, ecclesiastical and cultural history. This article explores the identity of the text as it developed in Eadmer's own mind. While modern scholars have placed the Historia novorum within the development of English national historiography, Eadmer showed no desire for his work to be received in this way. Instead, Eadmer's Historia was profoundly influenced by his extensive experience in writing the lives and miracles of saints. The Historia novorum occupies a space between history and hagiography, which successfully redeployed Eadmer's experiences of writing the past through hagiography, in order to produce an innovative and unique example of the genre of medieval historiography.     

Hegel's critique of the enlightenment

Franco Venturi famously emphasised the importance of the ‘English Model’ for Italian reformist culture in his Settecento riformatore. This essay contributes to the history of the development and evolution of the ‘English Model’ beginning with its influential appearance in Antonio Genovesi's 1757–1758 translation of John Cary's 1695 Essay on the State of England. The ‘English Model’ was not a stable concept and, in fact, one tradition inverted the model's meaning, rejecting the need for protectionism and instead embracing a providential faith in laissez-faire. This tradition began with an important, but falsified footnote in Carlo Denina's 1769–1770 Rivoluzioni d’Italia. In this note and the tradition that adopted it, Lorenzo de’ Medici's imagined English wool factories became the locus of this inversion, and, through a reading of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, blaming the Medici as agents of Italy's aberrant historical development became an alternative to blaming English economic imperialism in late eighteenth-century Italy. The narrative of Medici involvement in the decline of Italy was finally realigned with Genovesi's original intention under the auspice of Pope Pius VI in 1794.     

Revisiting Female Pilgrimage in Medieval Oxford: Evidence from the Miracula Sancte Frideswide*

The most common form of female pilgrimage in medieval England was local pilgrimage to a saint's shrine. One English pilgrimage destination which is especially associated with women is St Frideswide's shrine in Oxford, owing to a collection of miracle stories compiled in the 1180s in which women are particularly prevalent. Drawing on a new edition and translation of the Miracula sancte Frideswide, this article revisits the cult of Frideswide in the late twelfth century and takes a fresh look at the experiences of women visiting Oxford on pilgrimage. The article reassesses previous speculations about women's attraction to the cult, brings to light some little-appreciated aspects of female pilgrimage, and finds that many of the accounts challenge assumptions made about female behaviour and expectations in the Middle Ages.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviews in this Article: Danielle Jacquart and Claude Thomasset, Sexuality and Medicine in the Middle Ages,. David Levine, Reproducing Families. The political economy of English population history. Mikiso Hane, Reflections on the Way to the Callows: Rebel Women in Pre-war Japan. Sandra M Gilbert and Susan Gubar, No Man's Land: The Place of the Woman Writer in the Twentieth Century. Nancy F. Cott, The Grounding of Modern Feminism. Brian Harrison, Prudent Revolutionaries, Portraits of British Feminists between the Wars. Birgit Sawyer and Anita Goransson (eds), Manliga strukturer och kvinnliga strategier. Susan Bridger, Women in the Soviet Countryside: women's roles in rural development in the Soviet Union. Veronica Strong-Boag, The New Day Recalled: Lives of Girls and Women in English Canada, 1919–1939.     

Legal learning and saintly authority in thirteenth-century hagiography: the Magna vita sancti Hugonis

Law is central to the construction of sanctity in Adam of Eynsham’s Magna vita of Hugh of Lincoln (1186–1200). Hugh had no formal training in canon law, and, beyond the Magna vita, there is no evidence to suggest that he was a particularly proficient judge. If that lack of legal training was not a problem in Hugh’s lifetime, it had become a more sensitive issue by c.1212, the date of the composition of the Magna vita. Rather than ignoring the law, or denying its importance, Adam attempted to demonstrate that Hugh received mastery of legal argument as a divine gift, and multiple miracles involve Hugh correcting legal scholars. Recognising these careful patterns of construction raises problems for reading Adam’s Magna vita. While Adam has traditionally been characterised as a truthful biographer, this reading suggests he was engaged in a more complex project of marrying sanctity to legal learning.     

Bede's miracles reconsidered

The miracles depicted by the Venerable Bede – particularly in his Historia ecclesiastica – have proved problematic for historians. This article will first recapitulate the argument that miracles were not a clearly defined category for Bede in the way they would become for later philosophers and as is often assumed by modern commentators. It will then explore the idea that Bede's miraculous episodes can best be appreciated as signa that point to a meaning beyond the literal. In particular, it will argue against the idea that Bede thought that extra‐biblical history could not be read allegorically in the same way as sacred history. It is imperative that we develop a more refined understanding of Bede's conceptualization of the miraculous if we are to better comprehend the mechanics of his celebrated narrative of the English church.     

Books received

This article examines the remarkable ‘changes and transpositions’ of form found in Jordan Fantosme's Chronicle, an important Anglo-Norman estoire recounting the rebellion against Henry II in 1173–74. By reading these literary changes as accommodations of circumstances and persons, they can be used to locate the Chronicle in very specific historical and social contexts. Jordan, clerk of the bishop of Winchester and master of the city's grammar schools, places himself, both socially and discursively, within a community of administrative barons, who are very carefully remembered in the Chronicle as a coherent social affinity, or foedus amicitiae, both alienated from and seeking solidarity with the king. These conditions explain the Chronicle's central rhetorical impulses: to chastise the king, sometimes bitterly, and to persuade him to ‘love, cherish … and reward’ these specific barons. To achieve these rhetorical desires, Jordan draws upon the resources of contemporary literary education to imagine and perform persuasion. The Chronicle is thus a powerful illustration of John Baldwin's account of the ‘interpenetration’ of studium et regnum, institutional learning and political administration, in twelfth-century England. Because the Chronicle has in the past been understood as a panegyric, or even propaganda, for a royalist cause, this baronial reading represents a major re-assessment of its sociabilities and purposes.     

Did Women Have a Transformation of the Roman World?

Despite intense and interdisciplinary interest in the transition from antiquity to the middle ages, work on women and gender generally remains marginal to the dominant paradigms for understanding political and social change in the period from c. 300 to c. 800 ce . This article critiques these interpretations from a gendered perspective and also reviews recent work on women and gender in late antiquity, Byzantium and the early medieval Europe. By outlining similarities and contrasts between women's lives in early medieval western and Byzantine cultures, it emphasises the diversity of women's experience. Suggestions about how to envisage a fully gendered history of this period conclude with a call for radically new approaches to the study of the transformation of the Roman world.     

MIRACLES, HISTORICAL TESTIMONIES, AND PROBABILITIES

The topic and methods of David Hume's “Of Miracles” resemble his historiographical more than his philosophical works. Unfortunately, Hume and his critics and apologists have shared the pre‐scientific, indeed a historical, limitations of Hume's original historical investigations. I demonstrate the advantages of the critical methodological approach to testimonies, developed initially by German biblical critics in the late eighteenth century, to a priori discussions of miracles. Any future discussion of miracles and Hume must use the critical method to improve the quality and relevance of the debate. Hume's definition of miracles as breaking the laws of nature is anachronistic. The concept of immutable laws of nature was introduced only in the seventeenth century, thousands of years after the Hebrews had introduced the concept of miracles. Holder and Earman distinguish the posterior probability of the occurrence of a particular miracle from that of the occurrence of some miracle. I argue that though this distinction is significant, their formulae for evaluating the respective probabilities are not useful. Even if miracle hypotheses have low probabilities, it may still be rational to accept and use them if there is no better explanation for the evidence of miracles. Biblical critics and historians do not examine the probabilities of miracle hypotheses, or any other hypotheses about the past, in isolation, but in comparison with competing hypotheses that attempt to better explain, increase the likelihood of a broader scope of evidence, as well as be more fruitful. The fruitful and simple theories of Hume's later and better contemporaries, the founders of biblical criticism, offer the best explanation of the broadest scope of evidence of miracles. Moreover, they do so by being linguistically sensitive to the ways “miracle” was actually used by those who claimed to have observed them. The lessons of this analysis for historians and philosophers of history—that the acceptance of historical hypotheses is a comparative endeavor, and that the claims of those in the past must be assessed in their own terms—ought to be clear.     

Reconsidering reputation through patronage: Cardinal Napoleone Orsini and Angelo Clareno at the Avignonese papal court

The changeable politics of Cardinal Napoleone Orsini (c.1262/3–1342), negotiator and pope-maker, have been explained for over a century as the expression of his independent character and antagonistic relationships. Significant moments in his early career are interpreted as deliberate opposition to his own family's policies. This generalisation does his political acumen and familial loyalty a disservice. In particular, the rationale for his political decisions has previously been relied upon in explanations for his support of the Spiritual Franciscans, reformers and sometime separatists within the Franciscan Order. The cardinal's impact on the group has likewise been understated, as scholars have largely focused on their spokesmen's intellectual output, with limited investigation of the political support that enabled their survival. Orsini was connected to the group's spokesmen at the papal court at Avignon, including the prolific author Angelo Clareno (c.1250–c.1337). Close examination of Clareno's letters allows for a reinterpretation of the relationship. Orsini family documents reframe the relationship as part of an established familial tradition of Franciscan patronage. In this larger picture, the impetus for the cardinal's idiosyncratic patronage of the Spirituals becomes, instead, a small strand in the much larger network of familial obligations and patronage responsibilities. This also sheds further light on the fourteenth-century papal curia.     

Performing gender in lay saints' Lives

Abstract

Taking as its point of departure Judith Butler's theory of gender performativity, this article shows how femininity and masculinity are performed in three lay saints' Lives from the middle Byzantine period: the Life of Philaretos the Merciful (820), the Life of Thomaïs of Lesbos (mid-tenth century) and the Life of Mary the Younger (eleventh century). The approach of these texts through gender performativity shows in the most graphic way the difference between male and female constructions of sanctity on the one hand, and the important role that gender plays in the construction of lay sanctity, on the other.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: The Early Elizabethan Polity. William Cecil and the British Succession Crisis, 1558–1569. By Stephen Alford. Jacobean Gentleman. Sir Edwin Sandys, 1561–1629. By Theodore K. Rabb. Princeton: Princeton University Press. British Identities before Nationalism. Ethnicity and Nationhood in the Atlantic World, 1600–1800. By Colin Kidd. The English Revolution. Politics, Events, Ideas. By Perez Zagorin. Protestantism and National Identity. Britain and Ireland c. 1650‐c. 1850. Edited by Tony Claydon and Ian McBride. Tory and Whig. The Parliamentary Papers of Edward Harley, 3rd Earl of Oxford, and William Hay, M.P. for Seaford, 1716–53. Edited by Stephen Taylor and Clyve Jones. Edmund Burke. Volume 1: 1730–1784. By F. P. Lock. Britannia's Glories. The Walpole Ministry and the 1739 War with Spain. By Philip Woodfine. John FitzGibbon, Earl of Clare. Protestant Reaction and English Authority in Late Eighteenth‐Century Ireland. By Ann C. Kavanaugh. George IV. By E. A. Smith. Britain and the American Revolution. Edited by H. T. Dickinson. Unionist Scotland 1800–1997. Edited by Catriona M. M. MacDonald. British Politics on the Eve of Reform. The Duke of Wellington's Administration, 1828–30. By Peter Jupp. Parliamentary Constituencies and their Registers since J 832. A List of Constituencies and their Registers from the Great Reform Act with the British Library's Holdings of Electoral Registers together with the Library's Holdings of Burgess Rolls, Poll Books and Other Registers. By Richard H. A. Cheffins. The Boundary Commissions. Redrawing the UK's Map of Parliamentary Constituencies. By D. J. Rossiter, R. J. Johnston and C. J. Pattie. Free Trade and Liberal England, 1846–1946. By Anthony Howe. Managing the South African War, 1899–1902. Politicians v. Generals. By Keith Terrance Surridge. Opinion Polls. History, Theory and Practice. By Nick Moon. Anthony Crosland. A New Biography. By Kevin Jefferys. Devolution in the United Kingdom. By Vernon Bogdanor. Britain Votes. 6: British Parliamentary Election Results 1997. Compiled and edited by Colin Railings and Michael Thrasher.     

‘In gente Britanniarum,sicut quaedam nostratum testatur historia …’: national identity and perceptions of the past in John of Salisbury's Policraticus

This article examines the construction of national identity in John of Salisbury's Policraticus (c.1159). This well-known treatise has not been included in recent discussions of identities in medieval Britain. The focal point of the analysis is the author's contradictory representations of Britones. John of Salisbury emphasised the distinction and hostility between the Britons/Welsh and the English; at the same time, he claimed that the ancient Britons (Brennius and his companions-in-arms from Geoffrey of Monmouth's De gestis Britonum) were ‘compatriots’ and ‘ancestors’ of the ‘contemporary’ inhabitants of the English kingdom. Comparison with other twelfth-century texts reveals specific features of the model of national identity traced in the Policraticus: the appropriation not only of the British past, but also of the British name and identity, and the imagining of a unified people of Britain. This culminated in the invention of the unique term gens Britanniarum, which nevertheless did not exclude the ‘English’ as an alternative or even interchangeable name. The article discusses political agendas behind John of Salisbury's use of the language of ‘Britishness’, most importantly, support for the pan-British ambitions of the archbishops of Canterbury. The example of the Policraticus, with its combination of both conventional and original elements, nuances our understanding of how and for what ideological purposes national identity might have been constructed in twelfth-century England.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: The English Nobility in the Late Middle Ap. By Chris Given-Wilson The Rise of the Barristers: A Social History of the English Bar 1590–1640. By Wilfred Prest Petty Foggers and Vipers of the Commonwealth: The Lower Branch of the Legal Profession in Early Modern England. By C. W. Brooks The Union of England and Scotland, 1603–1608. By Bruce Galloway Servility and Service: The Life and Work of Sir John Coke. By Michael B. Young The Private Journals of the Long Parliament, 7 March to I June 1642. Edited by Vernon F. Snow and Anne Steele Young Politics and People in Revolutionary England: Essays in Honour of Ivan Roots. Edited by Colin Jones, Malyn Newitt and Stephen Roberts The Life of James Sharp Avchbishop of St Andrews 1618–1679: A Political Biography. By Julia Buckroyd Revolutionary Politics and Locke's ‘Two Treatises of Government’. By Richard Ashcraft Glencoe and the End of the Highland War. By Paul Hopkins Patronage and Politics in Scotland, 1707–1832. By Ronald M. Sunter A New History of Ireland. Volume IV: Eighteenth-Century Ireland 1691–1800. Edited by T. W. Moody and W. E. Vaughan British Foreign Policy in the Age of Walpole. By Jeremy Black The Aristocracy in England 1660–1914. By J. V. Beckett British Libevalism: Liberal Thought from the 1640s to the 1980s. By Robert Eccleshall British Conservatism: Conservative Thought. from Burke to Thatcher. By Frank O'Gorman Pillars of Government and Other Essays on State and Society c. 1770–c. 1880. By Norman Gash Patronage and Society in Nineteenth-Century England. By J. M. Bourne From Luddism to the First Reform Bill: Reform in England 1810–1932. By J. R. Dinwiddy John Fielden and the Politics of Populav Radicalism 1832–1847. By Steuart Angas Weaver Benjamin Disvaeli Lettevs: 1838–1841. Edited by M. G. Wiebe, J. B. Conacher, john Matthcws and Mary S. Millar 1848: The British State and the Chartist Movement. By John Saville Reactions to Irisk Nationalism: 1863–1914. Edited by Alan O'Day Democracy and Religion: Gladstone and the Liberal Party, 1867–1875 Liberalism and Liberal Politics in Edwardian England. By George L. Berristein Labour Peopk: Leaders and Lieutenants, Hardie to Kinnock. By Kenneth O. Morgan The Ideology of the British Right 1918–1939. By G. C. Webber     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: Clandestine Marriage in England, 150–850. By R.B. OUthwaite The Later Tudors. England, 1547–2603. By Penry Williams Thonias Nortorz: The Parliament Man. By Michael A.R. Graves Absolute Monarchy and the Stuart Constitution. By Glenn Burgess The Political World of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, 1621–1641. Henry Parker and the English Civil Way. The Political Thought of the Pirhlic's ‘Privado’. By Michael Mendle Classical Humanism and Republicanism in English Political Thought, 1570–1640. Republicanism, Liberty, and Commercial Society, 1649–1776. By Markku Peltonen Republicanism, Liberty, and Commercial Society, 1649-1776. Politics and Society in Great Yarmouth 1660–1722. By Perry Gauci Ireland in the Stuart Papers. Correspondence and Documents of Irish Interest from the Stuart Papers in the Royal Archives, Windsor Castle. Cuto's Letters. Or, Essays on Liberty, Civil and Religious, and Other Important Subjects. By John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon The Correspondence of Sir Roger Newdigate of Arbury, Warwickshire. Imagining the Middle Class. The Political Representation of Class in Britain, c. 1780–1840. By Dror Wahrman Popular Politics and British Anti-Slavery. The Mobilisation of Public Opinion Against the Slave Trade, 1787–1807. By J.R. Oldfield Religious Routes to Gladstonian Liberalism. The Church Rate Conzict in England and Wales, 1832–1868. By J.P. Ellens Parliament, Party and Politics in Victorian Britain. By T.A. Jenkins The Era of the Reform League: English Labour and Radical Politics, 1857–1872. Documents Selected by Gustav Mayer. Politics and Law in the Life of Sir James Fitzjames Stephen. By John Hostettler Conceptualizing the State. Innovation and Dispute in British Political Thought, 1880–2914. By James Meadowcroft Turncoats: Changing Party Allegiance by British Politicians. By Robert Leach SDP: The Birth, Life and Death of the Social Democratic Party. By Ivor Crewe and Anthony King The Conservative Party and the Trade Unions. By Peter Dorey Party Politics and Decolonization. The Conservative Party and British Colonial Policy in Tropical Africa 2951–1964. By Philip Murphy The Winds of Change. Macmillan to Heath 1957–1975. By John Ramsden     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: Kenneth G. Holum, Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity. Edith Ennen, The Medieval Woman. Judith M. Bennett, Elizabeth A. Clark, Jean F. O'Barr, Anne B. Vilen and Sarah Westphal-Wihl (eds), Sisters and Workers in the Middle Ages. Alice T. Friedman, House and Household in Elizabethan England: Wollaton Hall and the Willoughby Family. Kate Mertes, The English Noble Household 1250–1600: Good Governance and Politic Rule. Patricia Grimshaw, Paths of Duty. American Missionary Wives in Nineteenth-Century Hawaii. Margaret Jolly and Martha Macintyre (eds), Family and Gender in the Pacific. Domestic Contradictions and the Colonial Impact. Kumkum Sangari and Sudesh Vaid (eds), Recasting Women. Essays in Colonial History. Ann Braude, Radical Spirits: Spiritualism and Women's Rights in Nineteenth-Century America. Alex Owen, The Darkened Room: Women, Power, and Spiritualism in Late Nineteenth Century England. Catherine Lowman Wessinger, Annie Besant and Progressive Messianism (1847–1933). Carolyn Steedman, Childhood, Culture and Class in Britain: Margaret McMillan, 1860–1931. Joanna Hubbs, Mother Russia: The Feminine Myth in Russian Culture. Stephanie Urdang, And Still They Dance: Women, War and the Struggle for Change in Mozambique.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article: Hagen Schulze, States, Nations and Nationalism: From the Middle Ages to the Present. P. M. Kitromilides, Enlightenment, Nationalism, Orthodoxy: Studies in the Culture and Political Thought of South-Eastern Europe Richard Caplan and John Feffer (eds.), Europe's New Nationalism: States and Minorities in Conflict. Tom Garvin, 1922: The Birth of Irish Democracy. Michael Billig, Banal Nationalism. Anssi Paasi, Territories, Boundaries and Consciousness: The Changing Geographies of the Finnish-Russian Border. Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism 1914–1945. Hubertus F. Jahn, Patriotic Culture in Russia During World War I. Paul B. Rich, Prospero's Return? Historical Essays on Race, Culture and British Society. Stephen Haseler, The English Tribe: Identity, Nation and Europe. Timothy D. Sisk, Power-Sharing and International Mediation in Ethnic Conflicts. Stephanie Lawson, Tradition versus Democracy in the South Pacific. Kate Darian-Smith, Liz Gunner and Sarah Nuttall (eds.), Text, Theory, Space: Land, Literature, and History in South Africa and Australia.     

Creating Cultural Identity: Opus anglicanum and its Place in the History of English Medieval Art

The term opus anglicanum, as a designator of English national identity associated with embroidery and textiles, is unknown in any document written in England during the Middle Ages, but is used in papal and other European archives. The term has been questioned by a number of scholars who have suggested it may be a generic name used to describe a particular technique of attaching gold thread to an embroidered textile (underside couching). It is suggested in this article that the phenomenon of opus anglicanum during its golden age c. 1200–1400 was part of a wider European cultural development at a time when an appreciation of cultural identity as a transnational phenomenon emerged. The article goes on to examine the relationship between English pictorial artists and the craftswomen and men who made these textiles. It concludes with a case study of the orphrey associated with the Daroca Cope in Madrid — now associated with a designer in the artistic circle of the artist of the Wilton Diptych. The respect for, and reuse of, these works of art (many of which have survived through the care taken to preserve them in cathedral treasuries and private collections up to the present day) is an element in their continued importance as a part of our shared European heritage.     

Master Wiger of Utrecht's Liber exemplorum sub titulis redactorum

This article introduces the Liber exemplorum sub titulis redactorum of Master Wiger, provost of St Peter's Collegiate Church, Utrecht (afterwards, a convert to the Franciscan Order, fl. 1209–38). Wiger's collection, which was compiled at some point between c.1205 and 1228, is one of the earliest surviving representations of the genre of ‘example book’. It stands in a far more direct literary relationship with the encyclopaedic compendia produced after c.1250 than with the works of Wiger's contemporaries – authors such as James of Vitry, Caesarius of Heisterbach, Odo of Cheriton and the compiler of the anonymous Cistercian collection recently edited under the title Collectaneum exemplorum et visionum Clarevallense. This is established by an examination of the principles of structure and design in Master Wiger's text, and a comparison of his approach to the emerging problem of textual ‘searchability’ with systems employed by contemporary authors.     

Book Reviews

Book Reviewed in this article: Clio & The. Bitch Goddess: Quantification in American Political History. By Allan C. Bogue. From Graven Images: Patterns of Modem Materialism. By Chandra Mukerji. Ancient Egypt: A Social History. By B. G. Trigger, B. J. Kemp, D. O'Connor, and A. B. Lloyd. Greece: Old and New. Edited by Tom Winnifrith and Penelope Murray. Miracle in the Early Christian World A Study in Sociohistorical Method. By Howard Clark Kee. Feudal Assessments and the Political Community Under Henry II and His Sons. By Thomas K. Keefe. Feudalism to Capitalism: Peasant and Landlord in English Agrarian Development. By John E. Martin. Humanists and Holy Writ: Nm Testament Scholarship in the Renaissance. By Jerry H. Bentley. The Fall of the Florentine Republic, 1512–1530. By J. N. Stephens. Levant Trade in the Later Middle Ages. By Eliyahu Ashtor. Richard III: England's Black Legend. By Desmond Seward. Lancastrian Normandy, 1415–1450: The History of a Medieval Occupation. By C. T. Allmand. All the Queen's Men: Power and Politics in Mary Stewart's Scotland. By Gordon Donaldson. Clarendon and the English Revolution. By R. W. Harris. Thomas Chalmers and the Godly Commonwealth. By Stewart J. Brown. Lord Aberdeen: A Political Biography. By Muriel E. Chamberlain. Just Before the Origin. By Alfred Langdon Brooks. Church, Politics, and Society: Scotland 1408–1929. Edited by Norman Macdougall. The Freedom Rod 1944–1945. By Richard Collier. The Pursuit of Urban History. Edited by Derek Fraser and Anthony Sutcliffe. From Philosophy to Sociology: The Evolution of French Liberalism, 1870–1914. By William Logue. The Making of French Absolutism. By David Parker. Dream Worlds: Mass Consumption in Late Nineteenth Century France. By Rosalind H. Williams. The Emperor and his Chancellor: A Study of the Imperial Chancellery under Gattinara. By John M. Headley. Germany in the Later Middle Ages. By F. R. H. DuBoulay. Popular Entertainment, Class, and Politics in Munich, 1900–1923. By Robert Eben Sackett. The Congress of Vienna, 1814–1815. [Vol. 2 of Metternich's German Policy]. By Enno Kraehe. The Nazi Voter: The Social Foundations of Fascism in Germany 1919–1933. By Thomas Childers. Hitler's Luftwaffe in the Spanish Civil War. Germany, Russia, and the Balkans: Prelude to the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact. By Marilynn Gimux Hitchens. A Convergence of Lives: Sofia Kovalevskaia: Scientist, Writer, Revolutionary. By Ann Hibner Koblitz. Culture, Conflict, and Coexistence: American-Soviet Cultural Relations, 1917–1958. By J. D. Parks. The Latvian Impact on the Bolshevik Revolution: The First Phase, September 1917 to April 1918. By Andrew Ezergailis. Russia and the Origins of the First World War. By D.C. B. Lieven. Low City, High City: Tokyo from Edo to the Earthquake. By Edward Seidensticker. The Virginia Militia in the Seventeenth Century. By William L. Shea. Congress Declares War: Rhetoric, Leadership, and Partisanship in the Early Republic. By Ronald L. Hatzenbuehler and Robert L. Ivie. Cherokees and Missionaries, 1789–1839. By William G. McLoughlin. Nothing But Freedom: Emancipation and Its Legacy. By Eric Foner. The Emergence of Giant Enterprise, 1860–1914: American Commercial Enterprise and Extractive Industries. [Contributions in Economics and Economic History, No. 54.] By David O. Whitten. Southern Progressivism: The Reconciliation of Progress and Tradition. By Dewey W. Grantham. The Formation of the Republican Party in New York: Politics and Conscience in the Antebellum North. By Hendrik Boraem V. Eight Hours for What We Will. Workers and Leisure in an Industrial City, 1870–1920. Roy Rosenzweig. Generations: An American Family. By John Egerton. Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA, and their Forerunners, 1870–1920. By Donald I. Macleod. Dark Horse: A Biography of Wendell Willkie. By Steve Neal. Flight Patterns: Trends of Aeronautical Development in the United States, 1918–1929. By Roger E. Bilstein. The Ninth State: New Hampshire's Formative Years. By Lynn Warren Turner. Who Owns Appalachia? Landownership and Its Impact. By the Appalachian Land Ownership Task Force, with an introduction by Charles C. Geisler. The Corn Belt Route: A History of the Chicago Great Western Railroad Company. By H. Roger Grant. Winds of History: The German Years of Lucius DuBignon Clay. By John H. Backer. Morris Llewellyn Cooke: Progressive Engineer. By Jean Christie. Journey From Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit. By Catherine A. Barnes. Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: Black Politics in the Age of FDR. By Nancy Weiss. In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to Ronald Reagan. By William E. Leuchtenburg. The Uneasy State: The United States from 1915 to 1945. By Barry D. Karl.