抗日战争对中国民主政治的影响--以战后"联合政府"的弃取为例

中国人民艰苦卓绝的民族战争,将中国社会政治全面刷新：中国共产党人在政治斗争中的成熟与实力的空前壮大,战时客观上形成的“一国两制”政制和发展起来的中间党派,使国共两党力量的此消彼长几乎达于均势,为战后“联合政府”政治的生长与发展奠定了基础;随着战后世界和平民主力量的发展,以美、苏为首形成的世界两大均势集团和两个大国主导下战后形成的世界和平共存格局,也为中国“联合政府”的政治取向提供了一个新的国际环境;战时国民党统治力量的削弱、战后社会与经济恢复的困难和国内外全新的政治形势,规定了国民党可能的或可行的选择必须是放弃传统的一统模式,选择“联合政府”与社会政治多元化的发展方向。然而,当时处于国家执政地位的国民党蒋介石集团,对内过高估计自身的力量,过低估计战后中共与中间民主势力的力量。对外寄望于传统的“以夷制夷”的侥幸外交,进而做出了背离时代与脱离现实的错误抉择：选择了内战与独裁的传统“统一”观。结果,中断了中国民主政治或“一国两制”发展的历史进程,使中华民族丧失了一次不可多得的团结奋进、民主兴国的历史机遇。     

抗战时期中间势力的宪政思潮

从1939年至1945年,中国共产党与中间势力掀起了两次声势浩大的民主宪政运动,有力地反击了国民党的专制独裁统治。在宪政运动中,中间势力发挥了十分重要的作用,尤其在国统区,各中间党派与中共并肩作战,成为反对国民党一党独裁、推进宪政运动的中坚力量。对这一时期中间势力的宪政思潮进行系统研究无疑具有十分重要的学术价值和现实的借鉴意义。     

民主社会主义与科学社会主义的本质区别

民主社会主义是由20世纪社会民主主义逐步演变而来的。在漫长的起伏沉浮过程中,特别是在第二次世界大战之后,民主社会主义有了发展。它的影响已经超越了欧美发达国家的范围,逐步向亚非拉第三世界扩展。在探讨民主社会主义产生、战后发展的原因的基础上,得出其与科学社会主义的本质区别,从而使我们更加坚定共产主义信仰。     

张君劢、曾琦致蒋介石函

张君劢、曾琦分别为中国民主社会党、中国青年党负责人,与张澜、邹韬奋等共同为中国民主政团同盟(民盟前身)发起人。此信内容为反对国民党在公务员、中小学教职员工中搞“集体入党”,反映了中小党派对执政的国民党挤兑其他党派作法的不满以及中国民主政团同盟成立前后的历史背景等情况。     

浅议抗战时期民主进程中的几个问题

抗日战争是中国民主发展史上一个极为独特又极为重要的时期。在战争的硝烟中,互相对立的集权和民主趋势都各自获得新的发展动力。国民党的集权达到了前所未有的程度,而民主运动的发展也达到了前所未有的规模。最终,固守一党专政体制的国民党逐渐失去了社会的支持。具有在野党与区域执政党双重身份的中国共产党,紧紧抓住了民主的旗帜,既竭力向国民党要求西式民主,又在自己的统治区域探索试行新的民主制度,并发展出新的民主政治理论——新民主主义论。对战争后期的民主运动发生影响的国际因素也不可忽视,美国对国民政府经历了一个从期望到失望的过程,而中国人民对美国也同样经历了一个从期望到失望的过程。从长远来看,抗战时期国共双方在民主问题上的一失一得,已在某种程度上决定了未来中国的走向。     

论抗战时期中间党派政治态度的转变

中间党派的概念,既从属于“中间派”、“中间集团”或“中间势力”,又不完全等同。在抗战时期,它是介于国共两党之间,代表中国民族资产阶级利益和上层小资产阶级利益的一定政治组织的总称。他们要求“民主”、“抗日”,对国内政治局势和抗战形势的发展有着很大的影响。本文就该时期中间党派对国民党蒋介石政治态度的转变作一论述,敬请批评。     

民主党派与抗日战争时期的民主宪政运动

民主党派在抗日战争时期参与的民主宪政运动极大地推进了抗日战争时期中国政治民主化进程,深刻影响了未来中国政治发展的走向。追求民主政治的强烈意愿是民主党派参与民主宪政运动的根本动因;国民党的独裁专制统治是其参与民主宪政运动的直接原因;国内外要求民主的强烈呼声是其参与民主宪政运动的外在动力;共产党的引领和帮助是其参与民主宪政运动的重要条件。民主党派经过民主宪政运动的历练,日渐成为中国政治舞台上一支不容忽视的力量;民主党派经过民主宪政运动的实践,对民主的理解更为深刻,对国民党蒋介石的本质认识得更加清楚;民主宪政运动是共产党与民主党派合作共事的成功实践,为革命胜利后中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度莫定了基础。     

国民党推行民主集权制论略

1924年1月召开的中国国民党第一次全国代表大会,将民主集权制导入其党内政治生活。至1949年退据台湾前,国民党一直在党内和民众组织中倡行民主集权制。本文谨对国民党推行此制的情况、关于此制的解释及相关问题作一探略。一国民党推行民主集权制的基本情况1924年1月22日,中国国民党第一次全国代表大会通过了关于纪律问题的议案。文件指出:大会以为国民党之组织原则,当为民主主义的集权制度(荣孟     

大正民主与新闻舆论

大正民主,亦称大正德谟克拉西,它是对资本主义走向成熟的大正时代,资产阶级民主派要求建立政党政治和实现普选,反对专制主义统治和扩军备战的军国主义统治的社会民主主义运动和思潮的总称。值得注意的是,无论是在斗争中号召新中间阶层为主导,广大工农民众为主体的广...     

抗战时期毛泽东的民主主张与实践

抗战时期是中国共产党走过长期曲折道路并在思想上、政治上成熟起来的时期,是毛泽东思想形成发展的重要时期,也是党在历史上最重视民主政治的时期之一。抗日战争一开始,毛泽东就非常重视民主问题。他说：“民主是抗日的保证。”“没有民主,抗日是要失败的。没有民主,抗日就抗不下去。有了民主,则抗他十年八年,我们也一定会胜利。”为了实现民主,党中央一方面在中共领导的敌后抗日根据地全面地实行了民主政治;另一方面积极推动国民党进行民主改革。这两方面都进行了长期坚持不懈的努力,取得了巨大的成功和丰富的经验。1945年7月,毛泽东对来延安访问的黄炎培发表了中共决定以民主政治实现国家长治久安的著名谈话,产生了极其深远的影响。     

Pierre-Antoine Antonelle and representative democracy in the French Revolution

This article examines the political thought of Pierre-Antoine Antonelle, a prominent democrat during the French Revolution. In pamphlets and newspaper articles between 1795 and 1799 he put forth an elaborate theory of ‘representative democracy’ which was a novel and radical vision of political reform and republican international order. His political and economic plan for a democratic future was focused on conceptualizing a realistic transition path to a genuinely republican society. In the wake of historians who pointed out the existence and importance of the idea of ‘representative democracy’ during the Directory, this article delves into the content of this idea by placing it in the context of Antonelle and his fellow travellers’ political struggle to consolidate the Republic while avoiding both anarchy and aristocracy.     

The Heroic Presidency in the Era of Divided Government

Abstract

Contemporary democratic theorists focus on democratic processes to the exclusion of the substantive goods which motivated their predecessors. This undermines the legitimacy of democracy, especially in an era of emerging democracies. This article critiques underlying deficiencies in contemporary theory and prescribes revisiting early modern, natural-law-based democratic theory exemplified by John Locke. Locke argued that the ultimate legitimacy of democratic processes depends on their serving the good of the people, as distinct from the will of the people. The authors argue that this conclusion is unavoidable, because it is impossible for democratic legitimacy to rest ultimately on any kind of process at all, even a democratic process. Legitimacy must rest on a substantive norm used to govern (create or repair) processes. Contemporary democratic theory seems unwilling to revisit this important problem.     

胡锦涛关于党内民主思想初探

胡锦涛同志关于党内民主建设的思想主要涉及到对党内民主功能的多维揭示;对党内民主发展思路的规划设计;对尊重党员主体地位和保障党员民主权利问题的理性思考;对党内民主建设路径的科学选择。     

Assemblage-democracy: Reconceptualising democracy through material resource governance

This article furthers political geographic thinking on democracy by generating and employing a conceptualisation of ‘assemblage-democracy’. Bringing an assemblage perspective to democratic thinking brings to the fore three key dimensions: the co-constitution of material and non-material connections; connectivity and associations, in particular engagement with multiple heterogeneous ‘minoritarian’ publics; and the (re)construction of spatial configurations such as scale. We employ these three dimensions of materiality, publics, and scale, in combination with the concept of (de)territorialisation to produce a geographic conceptualisation of democracy as emergent, precarious, and plural.We operationalise and refine the concept of assemblage-democracy through an empirical analysis of democratic experiments with energy resources. Specifically, we analyse negotiations involved in emergent democratic energy experiments through in-depth qualitative empirical study of community-owned energy projects in the UK, asking what kind of democracy emerges with new technologies and how? In answering this question, we demonstrate the fragile, contingent, and contested nature of democratic practices and connections produced in the (re)enactment of energy infrastructures. In doing so, this article also shows how an assemblage lens can offer a renewed understanding of how democratic politics is configured through material resource governance.     

Political Theology,Democracy, and the Exception in the Egyptian Revolution

As the sixth anniversary of the 2011 protests in Tahrir Square passes, those uprisings and the events that followed continue pose important challenges not only for students of Middle Eastern and North African politics, but also for students of political theory and political theology. While scholars debate the extent to which the “Arab Spring” has amounted to a truly revolutionary turn of events, it is commonly accepted that the protests that swept the region were exceptional in their unanticipated and profound disruption of ordinary affairs. Under the influence of Carl Schmitt's theory of sovereignty, “the exception” has become a key figure in contemporary reflections on political theology, but attention to events in Egypt suggests that the familiar figure of the exception has not yet been mined for all of its implications for democratic practice. Slipping below grand articulations of the exception as a moment of sovereign decision, or as the suspension of the law, this essay turns its attention to the minor, everyday, background patterns of exceptionality that accompany the emergence of democratic practices outside the purview of the sovereign state. I argue that there is an intimate connection between the forms of exceptionality produced by longstanding practices of Egyptian secularism, the forms of exceptionality peculiar to the 2011 uprisings and their aftermath, and the forms of exceptionality that both make and unmake democratic practices. My argument has three parts: first Egyptian secularism is a process that manages and transforms authorized forms of Islamic practice, while at the same time producing exceptional formations, of which the Muslim Brotherhood is a key example; second that revolutionary politics can be understood as a matter of opening and sustaining the kind of exceptional circumstances that attended the 2011 uprisings, and that this can be usefully framed as an open-ended process of conversion; third that democratic practice requires courting both kinds of exception, despite their challenges, ambivalences, and potential dangers.     

Deliberative democracy and the Tasmanian forest peace process

Decades of contention regarding Tasmania's forests have been accompanied by several attempts for peace. Most recently the ‘forest peace process’ culminated in the 2012 Tasmanian Forest Agreement (TFA). We evaluate the peace process that led to the TFA, and its subsequent dismantling, from the perspective of deliberative democracy, which promises to achieve democratically legitimate outcomes in the toughest conflicts. Using normative criteria to evaluate the deliberative democratic quality of the process, our analysis shows that trades-offs were needed, and not all normative criteria could be achieved equally and simultaneously. Despite its shortcomings, and short-lived life, the peace process illustrates the possibility of achieving meta-consensus in deep value conflicts, and the crucial role of this consensus for sustaining deliberation.     

Muslim Contestations over Religion and the State in the Middle East

Abstract

With the future of the Middle East uncertain and unstable, claims to holding the authentic Islamic understanding of the role of religion in politics remain competed over in a political struggle for support, with sides believing that whoever can articulate the authenticity of their vision of government would become more able to influence public opinion. While one train of thought posits Islamic governance as an authentic and correct form of polity for the region which would bring about accountable, elected government, the other claims that Islam is fundamentally silent on the issue of the "state," and that notions of an "Islamic state" or caliphate are in fact dictatorial and antithetical to orthodox Islam, though Islamic values can inform the individual in their role as a citizen within a democratic state. This article will briefly examine the genealogy of these two competing claims from a Sunni Muslim perspective after examining the dominant approaches to analysing political Islamic groups, while also questioning whether it is fundamentally necessary to insert democratic ideals into such a discussion.     

Government performance and dissatisfaction with democracy in Australia

ABSTRACT

Satisfaction with democracy has declined rapidly in Australia, reaching the lowest level recorded since the 1970s in 2019. Whereas Australian citizens used to be among the most satisfied democrats in the world, there is now evidence of widespread dissatisfaction. What explains this rapid decline in political support? Comparative studies emphasise the role of government performance, both political and economic, in shaping citizens’ attitudes towards the political system. This paper examines the role of government performance in shaping satisfaction with democracy in Australia, using Australian Election Study data from 1996 to 2019. The results demonstrate that frequent changes of prime minister, which a majority of voters disapproved of, and rising economic pessimism contributed to the decline of democratic satisfaction in Australia.     

Europe's democracy trilemma

A truly democratic European Union seems to have become the graal of European politics, the project's redemptive promise and unreachable horizon. Much has been written about the gap between promise and performance and about the obstacles to EU democratization. Here, we suggest that one way to apprehend the ‘democratic deficit’ debate as it has evolved in the wake of the euro crisis is to think of it as a ‘democratic trilemma’. We argue that European legitimacy requires responses in different realms: first, an acknowledgement of Europe's ‘transnational democratic interdependence’; second, an anchoring of the functionalist European superstructure in ‘national democratic legitimacy’; and third, a grounding of both European and national power in ‘local democratic legitimacy’. While the very notion of trilemma points to the tensions that arise in trying to satisfy these requisites simultaneously, we nevertheless need to look for ways of alleviating the trilemma rather than coming up with democratic magic bullets in a single one of these realms. While our main goal is to reframe and open up the debate around the key concepts of empowerment, mutual recognition and flexibility, we also provide examples of what this may mean.     

试论协商民主何以成为可能——基于理性分析的视角

20世纪后20年,一种新型的民主理论一协商民主在西方政治学界开始兴起、发展,并成为人们讨论和研究的焦点。作为一种可能的新型民主,从理性分析的视角来看,协商民主能够化解自由与秩序的矛盾,维护社会的平等和正义,能够在公开的理性下实现政治的合法性,解决现有民主制度的困境与挑战。