抗战时期晋察冀边区女性婚姻问题的考察

女性在婚姻关系中的地位是审视女性社会权利的重要视角之一。在中国封建社会,受传统的封建伦理文化的影响,女性在婚姻关系中处于被动和从属地位。本文考察了抗日战争时期晋察冀边区政府建立后,为发动妇女参加边区建设,将妇女从传统的封建伦理束缚中解放出来,通过颁布和广泛实施新的婚姻政策,改变了晋察冀边区旧的婚姻制度下男女不平等、无婚姻自由、买卖婚姻盛行等封建陋习,使妇女的各种婚姻权益受到法律保障,大大提升了妇女在婚姻关系中的地位,并由此促进了妇女融入边区社会政治、经济生活的步伐。     

谈唐代妇女名字的特点

由于唐代妇女地位的相对提高 ,妇女们在起名的权利上也有较大的自由。她们不但拥有小字 ,也拥有大名和字号。本文从几个方面入手 ,详细分析了妇女命名的特点 ,其中包括幼年女子的小字 ,成年女性的名讳与字 ,及奉佛妇女的名讳和字号。文章指出 ,唐代妇女名字双全是种普遍现象 ,这种现象的出现与妇女的社会地位有直接关系。     

辛亥革命时期的女子参政风潮

女子参政是指妇女走进政治或管理领域,通过对社会管理和参与领导来体现妇女的地位。在中国漫长的封建社会中,广大妇女没有参与政治的权利,但在辛亥革命时期曾一度出现了女子参政风潮。     

清朝前期山西商人妇的社会地位

晋商作为明清时国内最大的商帮,雄霸于中国500年。但论说晋商的辉煌业绩,往往忽略了女性的功劳。本文拟从分析商人妇在家庭和社会中所起的作用和所享有的权利两方面来考察山西商人妇的社会地位,并具体分析形成此地位的原因。笔者认为在清朝前期,在务商的大环境下,妇女的社会地位相对于男性、相对于商人妇自身的付出是低下的,是不相符的。     

新加坡华人妇女社会、家庭地位的变迁

新加坡华人妇女地位的变迁是一个值得研究的问题,因为它涉及到传统社会的妇女向移民社会的妇女、以及向现代工业化社会的妇女演进的问题;同时,也是研究新加坡华人社会发展变化的一个不可忽略的重要方面。可以说,新加坡华人妇女从昔日被贩卖来的“猪花”①、“妹仔”②成长为今日享有较高地位的现代女性,其间是有着复杂的社会原因和历史背景,并由此而构成其自身的发展过程的。本文拟就新加坡华人妇女社会、家庭地位的变迁做一初步探讨,作为研究新加坡华人妇女问题的第一步。一移民新加坡的早期华人妇女（一）“猪花”──早期华人妇女…     

从嫁妆制度的变化看古罗马社会妇女的经济地位

古罗马实行的是嫁妆婚姻."女儿出嫁给予嫁妆"从一种习俗变成法律的硬性规定;嫁妆的数额经历了由少到多的变化;妻子对嫁妆的权利则经历着从无到有的演变.这是一个逐渐对妇女有利的发展过程,也是罗马财产让渡的一个发展过程,它对于妇女而言不仅仅是获取陪嫁物,更重要的是通过嫁妆参与了社会财产的分配.罗马妇女通过嫁妆制度参与社会财产分配与让渡,在罗马社会发展进程中起到重要作用,从而显示出自己独特的经济地位.     

“杰麦”一跃成主人——解放后藏族女性的社会变迁

西藏解放以后,藏族妇女没有沉静在传统社会中。在她们自己的不断努力和国家各项方针政策的支持下,藏族妇女树立了自尊、自强的价值观和实现自我价值的意识,走出了一直禁锢她们思想的围墙。她们走出了家庭,走向了社会,有了自己的事业和理想,她们的地位发生了巨大的转变,她们同男性一样,获得了相应的权利和地位。     

辽金妇女的社会地位

辽金妇女的社会地位宋德金从１０世纪初到１３世纪前期的三百多年间,北部中国先后处在辽金政权统治之下。由于辽金统治民族契丹和女真的社会发展水平、文化传统等同中原汉族都存在很大差异,所以不能不对其社会结构、社会生活等产生影响;表现在妇女社会地位上,也有不同...     

对宋代妇女再嫁的社会态度由宽到严转变的认识

宋代由于商品经济的发展和妇女劳动地位的改变,妇女的经济地位和社会地位也得到了相应的提高,这也决定了妇女再嫁的问题上社会态度的宽容。然而,综观宋代,在对妇女再嫁的问题上社会态度并不是一味的宽容,而是经历了一个由宽到严的转变。北宋时社会对妇女的改嫁并不忌讳,但随着理学的发展,南宋时,要求妇女守节,反对妇女再嫁的现象就日益增多。本文就对宋代妇女再嫁的社会态度由宽到严的转变提出一点认识。     

关于徽州宗族制度的三个问题

有些学者对徽州宗族的祠堂神主递迁,祭祖种类,女祠建造目的和神主供奉所持观点,值得商榷,历史文献和社会调查证明：一、朱熹《家礼、》的祠堂规制,不论始祖抑或先祖的神主均“亲尽则迁”。明清时期宗祠神龛中,始祖及以下四世祖先神主,爵德兼隆神主、有功神情 主“百世不迁”,其他支丁（不论长辈或晚辈）的祖先均高、曾、祖、考四世设主,“五世则迁”。二、徽州宗族祭祖,从时令看主要有春祭、秋祭、冬祭,从祭祀场所讲有祠祭、墓祭和家祭,许多宗族民立的“会”是各种祭祀组织,不是“会祭”。三、徽州女祠是为男女生则异室,死应异寝而建,不是专为贞节妇女而设。除少数被剥夺入神情利者,一般妇女的神主均可以进入女祠。     

Aristocratic families and social stability in eleventh-century Provence

For many aristocratic families in southern France and Catalonia, the eleventh century was a period marked by a series of challenges to their estates, and therefore to their economic and social well-being. Studies on this subject have shown that these families responded by turning inward, relying upon the strengths and sacrifices of each of its members, and by adopting an aggressively defensive posture towards the rest of society. While this tightening of links among family members often resulted in conflicts with other groups and individuals in society, it had other less obvious results — it gave individual relatives the authority to speak for, and assume responsibility for, the actions of one another. If this new family unity was often disruptive to society, in other ways it had an important stabilizing influence in society.     

Gender Segregation,Effacement, and Suppression: Trends in the Status of Women in Israel

The aim of this article is to analyze the phenomenon of the exclusion of women from the public sphere in Israel. The article describes some of the causes of this phenomenon, its impact on Israeli society, and the difficulty in confronting it. Israeli women have made impressive gains on many fronts, but the exclusion of women from the public sphere as a result of the influence of the growing Ultra‐Orthodox minority, which imposes its norms on the general public, raises serious concerns. The exclusion of women manifests itself in several forms: gender segregation in public spaces, the effacement of women's images from the public sphere, and the suppression of women's voice. The infiltration of Orthodox Jewish fundamentalism into Israeli society may cause the regression of advancements previously made in women's rights in Israel. The article points to the limitations of the treatment of this phenomenon within a theory of multiculturalism, and suggests an alternative framework of discourse, which relies on concepts that are drawn from the literature on environmental ethics, public rights, and public ownership of space and resources.     

Fourth World Conference on Women. Seeking action for equality,development, peace

There is a strong international push to secure broader rights for women. In the 20 years since the first global conference on women's issues was held in Mexico City, governments have adopted legislation which promotes equal opportunity, treatment, and rights, and women are entering the labor market in unprecedented numbers. There is evidence that investments in women have had an enormous impact upon society overall, but millions of individual women continue to face discrimination in social, economic, political, and cultural spheres. They are disproportionately denied access to positions of leadership, undereducated, underpaid, die from complications related to childbirth and unsafe abortions, and are battered and killed by men. The Fourth World Conference on Women will be held September 4-15, 1995, in Beijing, to allow participants to assess the progress and shortfalls of the past two decades and identify action to be taken into the next century. The UN-sponsored global meeting will offer governments, nongovernmental organizations, the private sector, and individuals the opportunity to review their efforts and renew their commitment to improve the equality and conditions of women and defend their human rights. The main objectives are to adopt a plan of action against obstacles to the advancement of women worldwide, to determine priority actions to be taken by the international community over the period 1996-2001, and to mobilize men and women at the grassroots level to achieve those objectives. A parallel nongovernmental organization forum on women will be held August 30 - September 8, also in Beijing.     

20世纪30年代美国南部妇女阻止私刑协会的活动及其影响

20世纪30年代,以埃姆斯为首的中产阶层的白人妇女成立了美国南部妇女阻止私刑协会,开展了大量的反私刑活动,以女性的身份驳斥了私刑作为保护她们免受黑人性侵的正当性和必要性。她们的斗争不仅导致了私刑的减少和公共舆论的改变,而且迫使民权组织把斗争重点由反私刑转向反对教育中的种族隔离。她们不仅改善了南部的种族关系,成为民权运动的先驱,而且提升了妇女的社会形象,展示了妇女在社会改革中的重要性,成为女权运动的先驱。     

Prudence and principle in international society: reflections on Vincent's approach to human rights

John Vincent's Human rights and International Relations argued for embedding the right to be free from starvation in the international society of states. Principle and prudence were combined in a distinctive English School analysis of the universal human rights culture. Vincent argued that the entitlement to be free from the tyranny of starvation and malnutrition was one principle on which most societies could agree despite their profound ideological differences. Other conceptions of human rights, including western liberal doctrines of individual freedom, had the potential to create major divisions within international society, particularly when linked with a doctrine of humanitarian intervention. More recent approaches to world poverty raise large questions about whether Vincent succeeded in attempting to marry prudence in preserving an international order that remains anchored in state sovereignty with a principled commitment to ending starvation. Important issues also arise about how to build on his reflections on the prospects for a global ‘civilizing process’ that bridges cultural and political differences in the first universal society of states.     

Spatial imaginaries and collective identity in women’s human rights struggles in Honduras

In recent years, geographic analysis on social movements has emphasised the influence of actors’ concepts, lived experiences and perceptions of space on the emergence of collective action. Cultural approaches to social movements in Latin America as well as feminist scholarship have revealed that women’s collective action is shaped by their perceptions of institutional and societal challenges, which are rooted in authoritarian and patriarchal culture prevalent in their society. This article combines geographic and cultural approaches to social movements as well as transnational feminist theories to explore women’s human rights mobilisation in Honduras after the coup d’état in 2009. It investigates how a group of urban and rural activists that included feminists, rural women, students and community leaders, adopted human rights discourses and practices to respond to the coup. The article draws on interviews and focus group discussions to suggest firstly, that protests in response to the coup shaped the interviewees’ spatial imaginaries and particularly considers how urban feminists’ spatial imaginaries were merged with those of rural women under the collective framework of human rights. Secondly, the study demonstrates that a collective identity as women human rights defenders was crucial for the emergence of collective action and also prompted the establishment of a national network. This case study contributes to research on women’s collective action to negotiate women’s rights, human rights and social justice in changing political processes.     

Competition,cooperation and resistance: women in the political field in Iraq

After the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime in April 2003 many women supported the process of transition and became active in political parties and coalitions. A wide range of groups were also formed which pursued women's rights agendas and, in many cases, included a call for peace and reconciliation and charity activities for women and children. However, female political action and the field of women's rights remain divided by the same multiple boundaries of belonging which affect Iraqi society itself; women operate in specific ethnic and denominational, local and regional settings, and they support nationalist, secularist, left‐wing or Islamist agendas. Women's rights—whatever the direction—can be of major or minor concern. This article outlines female political action and draws attention to the key issues which are discussed, in particular, by secular feminists in Iraq. In so doing, the article highlights how women in Iraq have not only lost, as a wide range of observers argue, but have also benefited from the restructure of the political landscape. Female political activists are still faced with old and new social, cultural, legal and political obstacles. The article argues that when women support narratives that leave men's superiority untouched, they are not simply victims of men or ‘false consciousness'; women either compete and cooperate, or they reject ideological narratives and power relations, while pursuing agendas of individual interest. Yet, despite competition among women and women's groups, and women's loyalty to agendas controlled by men, radical overtones that resist male domination can be heard— and should be supported.     

Interacting,sharing and bonding: ‘notes of personal experience’ by nineteenth-century women travellers

As early as the seventeenth century, women have been going from one corner of the world to the other recording their experiences and reasons for publishing. Exploring, working and residing in regions of the East considered ‘safe for dynamic men only’ (Smith 1887, Through Cyprus, Author of ‘Glimpses of Greek life and Scenery, etc’. London: Hurst and Blacket), western women interacted with the peoples of Ottoman society, enjoying their warm and generous hospitality. Their gender allowed them to study, learn and become experts in areas where men had no access: the Ottoman harems, women's daily life, social gatherings and celebrations. Western and eastern women discuss harem slavery, marriage, adultery, childbirth, abortion, divorce, religion and women's rights. In reconsulting primary sources and focusing on the writings of nineteenth-century British women in Asia Minor (Turkey), this article contributes additional evidence on women's alternative representations or less degrading gaze, while revealing a patriarchal system's domestic-social reality that was founded on the institution of slavery. In other words, it differs from other studies in spotlighting the accounts that are illustrative of the polyethnic synthesis of the Ottoman households, i.e. the discourse on the multiethnic harem slavery institution, which distinguished Ottoman society, so as to provide a bigger picture and inspire new discussions.     

‘The races and conditions of men’: women in nineteenth-century geography school texts in the United States

Geography schoolbooks published in the United States were important opinion makers in the nineteenth century, often joining the Bible as the main source of information about the world outside North America. The texts examined here are noteworthy for their static and pejorative treatment of non-American cultures and may be seen as playing a key role in forming isolationist and chauvinist American public opinion. They also played a role in reinforcing ideas about the proper niche for women in American society, even though it may seem at first that these books could not have had much influence on ideas about American women because they barely mentioned women, almost always relegating them to illustrations and captions. The few women depicted were usually characterized as ‘poor souls’ in distant lands worthy of pity. We discuss the national political context in which these writers (many of whom were women) were producing geography school texts, the social roles they were fulfilling by reinforcing such limited images of ‘foreign’ women, and the sources they may have used in their research. Furthermore, we demonstrate that much more could have been drawn ethnographically from the illustrations of women. The images of women in these geography schoolbooks reinforced the marginalization of women, particularly non-white and non-western women.     

春秋时期祭祖范围研究

祭祀祖先的范围,即仪典中祭祀哪些祖先,不但是祖先崇拜的基本问题,并且还折射出生者与祖先之间的关系,以及人们对家族、血缘的认知等等。春秋时期是社会变动较为剧烈的时期,在这一变化的时代,祭祀对象发生若干变化,祖先崇拜也展现出新的特点。总体而言,春秋时人重视近祖,也注重远祖,在选择所祭对象时,春秋时人以满足现实需求为目的,祭祀祖先有其灵活的一面而并无统一的标准。可堪注意的是,春秋时人擅于追溯远祖,春秋金文中出现了对祝融、成汤等远祖的追记,而不再如西周时人一般只将祖先追踪至文王武王时代。此外,春秋时人对于英雄祖先十分崇拜,并将这一风尚提升至礼的高度予以阐述。春秋时人追忆远祖,对儒家"慎终追远"的观念有深刻的影响;春秋时人崇拜英雄祖先,对于这一时期人们创造出共同的英雄祖先有直接的影响。