Parameterization of the radiative flux divergence in the 15 μm CO2 band in the 30–75 km layer

A parameterization of the cooling rate of the earth's middle atmosphere due to radiation transfer in the 15 μm CO₂ band is proposed. The parameterization has been performed for such an atmospheric layer with local thermodynamic equilibrium (below approximately 75 km), for which in the major part of the frequency interval occupied by the 15 μm band the approximation of non-overlapping lines (above about 30 km) is justified. The overlap of lines has only been taken account of for superposed strong Q-branches at the centre of the 15 μm band. The parameterization takes into account the peculiar features of radiation transfer:

• 1.(1) the height step increases with the growing distance from the level, for which cooling is calculated;
• 2.(2) the dependence of line intensity on temperature has partially been taken account of in an explicit form. The procedure proposed is multiparametric: 42 parameters are prescribed for calculating cooling at a given level. With an error less than 0.5 K day⁻¹ the procedure can be recommended for calculating radiative cooling in the case of any temperature profile undisturbed by small- and meso-scale motions and, in particular, for use in the modelling of the middle atmospheric circulation.

     

The 4.8 and 9.6 μm O3 band emissions in the middle atmosphere

For the 40–115 km atmospheric layer, the populations of 19 vibrational states of the O₃ molecule have been calculated for sets of vertical profiles of temperature and concentration of O and O₃. A peculiar feature of the day and night time vertical profiles of the vibrational temperature of the states is at its maximum in the height range 75–90 km which is due to the formation of vibrationally excited molecules of O₃ in the recombination: O₂ + O + M → O₃ + M. On the basis of the calculated populations of the states, the limb and downward atmospheric emissions in the 4.8 and 9.6 μm O₃ bands have been estimated, as well as the contributions of the constituents of the band of vibrational transitions.     

On the role of the 9.6 μm O3 band in the energetics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere

Radiative cooling and heating in the 9.6 μm O₃ band has been calculated for the 50–105 km region. The NLTE effects due to the excitation of the ozone ν₃ vibrations by atmospheric and solar radiation and by the release of chemical energy into vibrations upon recombination of O + O₂ into O₃ have been taken into account. It is shown that the LTE approximation is good for altitudes below 70 km where fundamental transitions comprise the main contribution to the cooling rate. Above 70 km, the contribution of the hot transitions to radiative cooling may exceed the contribution of the fundamental ones. In the presence of chemical excitation, part of the chemical energy radiates in the hot transitions, resulting in an additional cooling rate of about 0.5 K/day at 90 km. A method of parameterizing radiative heating which is based on the separation of the effects of fundamental and hot transitions in the 9.6 μm O₃ band is proposed.     

A non-LTE radiative transfer model for infrared bands in the middle atmosphere. II. CO2 (2.7 and 4.3 μm) and water vapour (6.3 μm) bands and N2(1) and O2(1) vibrational levels

A non-equilibrium radiative transfer model has been applied to the 2.7 and isotopic 4.3 μm bands of CO₂, together with that of H₂O at 6.3 μm and the first excited vibrational levels of the nitrogen and oxygen molecules. The radiative transfer has been treated by a modified Curtis matrix method that allows inclusion of non-thermal sources, such as vibrational-vibrational energy exchange. The populations of the different levels have been obtained by solving a system of coupled equations, including those for the 15 μm bands. Results from the model are compared to previously reported results. A detailed study of where solar energy initially absorbed by CO₂ bands finally goes is also presented.     

Determination of the mesospheric ozone using satellite limb-scan measurements of the infra-red atmospheric band emission of O2(1Δg)

Ozone amounts in the mesosphere have been determined from limb-scan observations made by the near infra-red channel of the Faza teleradiometer on board the orbital station ‘Salyut-7’ in October and November 1985. Altitude and latitude ozone and atomic oxygen density profiles were deduced. We have observed a secondary maximum of ozone density near 80 km. An error analysis shows that effects of random errors in the data are less than 10% between 45 and 75 km.     

EMU versus the regions? Regional convergence and divergence in Euroland

There is currently considerable interest in and debate overthe impact of increasing European economic and monetary integration(EMU) on the regions of the EU. Opinion is sharply divided overwhether EMU is leading to regional economic convergence or regionaleconomic divergence. This paper examines the theoretical argumentsand empirical evidence for these opposing views, and presentssome additional analysis of patterns of regional productivitytrends and employment growth over the period 1975–98.The picture that emerges is a complex one: whilst worker productivityshows only very weak convergence across the EU regions (a processwhich halted altogether after the mid-1980s), regional employmentgrowth has been sharply divergent. Although there is littlesupport for the claim that EMU will lead to regional convergence,these findings suggest that until much more detailed investigationof the specific impacts on particular types of region is undertaken,the regional implications of EMU will remain a contentious issue.     

Solar flux and seasonal variations of the mesopause temperatures at 51°N

Observations of the OH (8-3) band airglow emission, using a multichannel tilting filter type photometer, have been carried out at Calgary (51°N, 114°W), Canada, since 1981. In this paper recent measurements of the nocturnal, seasonal and solar flux variations of the mesopause temperature, obtained from the rotational temperature of the OH (8-3) band observations, are presented. The data presented span the ascending phase of the present solar cycle viz. 1987–1988 (low solar activity) and 1990 (high solar activity). Good correlations (r = 0.73) between the OH (8-3) band rotational temperature and the 10.7 cm solar flux were observed. The mean temperature for the period investigated was about 210 K. The seasonally averaged nocturnal variations show only small irregular excursions, possibly associated with solar tides and the passage of gravity waves in the mesopause region. However, the observed rotational temperatures show considerable night-to-night changes.     

Are cities ever more cosmopolitan? Studying trends in urban-rural divergence of cultural attitudes

Many scholars and pundits have argued that there is a growing urban-rural divide in political attitudes in the US and Europe. However, it is an empirical question whether and how differences in political attitudes between urban and rural areas have changed over time. In this study, we investigate the urban-rural divergence in cosmopolitan-nationalist attitudes in the Netherlands over the last four decades. We focus on attitudes towards issues of immigration, multiculturalism and European integration. We use individual-level survey data from the Dutch Parliamentary Election Study (1994–2017) and the Cultural Changes Study (1979–2016). We find consistent support for divergence on cosmopolitan-nationalist issues between inhabitants of more- and less-urbanised municipalities over the last decades in the Netherlands, also when controlling for sociodemographic composition. This divergence is mostly due to the fact that the attitudes of people in the larger cities differ increasingly from people living in other parts of the country. Trends in smaller towns and villages are very similar to those in the most rural areas.     

Contours of the Past: LiDAR Data Expands the Limits of Late Pre-Columbian Human Settlement in the Santarém Region,Lower Amazon

Recent studies have shown that pre-Columbian societies in the Amazon undertook significant landscape modifications, including earthworks. Our fieldwork has revealed that pre-Columbian settlements in the Santarém Region, Lower Amazon, were not limited to the vicinities of permanent water courses, as formerly often assumed. Instead, numerous archaeological sites, dating from ca. a.d. 1300 up to the time of European colonization in the seventeenth century, have been found in an upland area known as the Belterra Plateau, south of the present-day city of Santarém. These upland sites have been found to be associated with particular features in the landscape: cavities or depressions, known locally as “Poços de Água”. LiDAR data shows that a pattern of non-randomly distributed depressions extends far into the densely forested Tapajós National Forest (Flona-Tapajós), allowing us to suggest that the expansion of inland settlement extended considerably farther to the south than what has previously been established through conventional archaeological fieldwork.     

Platforms of Reconciliation? Issues in the Management of Battlefield Heritage in the Republic of Ireland

Abstract

Although the battlefields of the Boyne (1690) and Aughrim (1691) are situated in the Republic of Ireland they are revered iconic landscapes embodying the religious and cultural identity of the Orange Order and Unionists in Northern Ireland. This paper looks at how these battlefields have been appropriated by some, or actively ignored by others, to reflect a cultural and religious identity and, how they have come to be ever more relevant in a modern political environment with the efforts of reconciliation between the north and south of Ireland.     

An experimental study of nitrogen flux in llamas: is N preferentially excreted?

Nitrogen isotope analysis is now commonly used to investigate the diets, and to a lesser extent, the environments of ancient populations. These studies assume that mammals are predictably enriched in ¹⁵N over their food, and concomitantly, that ¹⁵N becomes increasingly concentrated as one moves up the food chain. The literature commonly states that this ¹⁵N-enrichment of mammalian tissues is due to preferential excretion of light nitrogen (¹⁴N), but there are few data to support this assertion. To address the gap, we conducted two nitrogen flux trials in which four llamas (Lama glama) were fed high- and low-protein diets. The ratios of fecal nitrogen loss to urinary nitrogen loss were 0.30 and 0.88 on the high- and low-protein diets respectively. Feces were enriched in ¹⁵N by approximately +3‰ on both diets, whereas urinary nitrogen was depleted in ¹⁵N (−2.1‰) on the low-protein diet, but not significantly different from intake δ¹⁵N on the high-protein diet. Most importantly, there was no statistically significant difference between dietary and total excreta δ¹⁵N on either diet. Given these data and theoretical considerations, we argue that the nitrogen influx and efflux of adult mammals at steady state should be isotopically commensurate. However, during growth, diet change, thermal or nutritional stress, animals may not be at steady state and fractionation between intake and excreta δ¹⁵N may occur.     

Negotiations of Irish identity in the wake of terrorism: the case of the Irish in Birmingham 1973–74

This article explores the Irish migrant experience in Birmingham during and in the wake of terrorist campaigns carried out in Britain between 1969 and 1975 and attributed to the Irish Republican Army (IRA). Beginning with a discussion of the competencies with which Irishness was associated at the close of the 1960s in England, many of which were hinged on a notion of the Irish predisposition towards violence, the article continues on to take the political, cultural and religious “temperature” of the Irish community in Birmingham between 1969 and 1975, and follows on with a discussion of the specific strategies sought out by Irish immigrants to come to terms with the effect of events such as the “Birmingham Bombings” on their daily lives. Principle findings that emerge from the study indicate that IRA terrorism forced the Irish in Birmingham to engage with and adopt a number of distinct linguistic and cultural strategies in the post-1974 period, the cultivation of which indefinitely altered their relationship with Ireland as “home”, their visibility in the public British sphere and their associational patterns and practices within the migrant enclave.     

Variabilities in the thermospheric temperatures in the region of the crest of the equatorial ionization anomaly—a case study

Results on spectroscopic measurements of thermospheric temperatures made from a low latitude station, Abu (24.6°N, 72.7°E, geographic; 18°N dip latitude), India, situated in the crest region of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA), are presented. On many occasions, these measurements reveal large deviations frorn the predictions of the neutral atmospheric model, MSIS-86, bringing out its limitations as applied to the equatorial and low latitude thermosphere. The role played by large-scale geophysical processes like the EIA, equatorial spread F (ESF) and the midnight temperature maximum (MTM), all of which influence the thermal structure of the upper atmosphere, is examined in the context of explaining the differences between the measured temperatures and model predictions. It has been conclusively shown that Joule heating associated with ESF irregular electric fields is not solely responsible for the observed deviations, and the possibility of a significant role by the EIA related processes is indicated.     

Egyptian women’s position in the family in the time of the Pharaohs

Although many scholars have assert that the Egyptian women s position in the family was high during the time of the Pharaohs, no research in China has made a comprehensive and systematic discussion over this issue so far. Based on both documents and archaeological materials, this article approaches this question in three aspects: (1) Egyptian women s position in the family economy; (2) the affection between the husband and the wife; (3) the position and role of the mother.     

Evolution of the Concept of ‘Extracellular Matrix’ in the Brain

The question as to whether an extracellular matrix exists between cells in the adult brain has been debated since the end of the last century. In the early years, zones containing neuropil and glial processes were mistakenly believed to represent this substance. But Golgi's discovery of the “perineuronal net” paved the way for future study of the true extracellular matrix. In the 1950s, application of histochemical techniques established the existence of interstitial material between nerve cells. Unfortunately the similarity between the pericellular distribution of this material and Golgi's “pericellular nets” was overlooked. The detection of an extracellular volume fraction in the central nervous system furnished further indirect proof for the existence of an extracellular matrix in the brain. However, the repeated failure of electron microscopy to reveal a substantial space between cell processes undermined the acceptance of the concept of “extracellular matrix” in the central nervous system. Nowadays this concept has, however, been firmly established.     

Correlations among O2(0–1) atmospheric band,OH(8–3) band and [OI] 5577 Å line and among P1 (2), P1 (3) and P1 (4) lines of OH(8–3) band

Using a photometer equipped with a cooled photomultiplier RCA-C31034A and an optics consisting of three aspheric lenses, the O₂(0–1) Atmospheric band at 8645 Å and the OH(8-3) band at 7274 Å are observed simultaneously from the ground level along with [OI] 5577 Å line, to investigate the instantaneous intensity changes. The P and R branches of O₂(0–1) Atmospheric band and the P₁(4), P₂(4), [P₁(3) + P₂(3)] and [P₁(2) + P₂(2)] lines of the OH(8-3) band are spectrally clearly resolved. It is found that the O₂(0–1) Atmospheric band and the OH(8-3) band covary fairly well in intensity; it seems that the correlation coefficient during the night lies around 0.500. Interrsity correlations between the OH(8-3) band and [OI] 5577 Å line are also investigated. It is found that the correlation coefficient during a night lies around −0.200 and thus the correlation between the OH(8-3) band and [OI] 5577 A line is weaker than that between the O₂(0–1) Atmospheric band and the OH(8-3) band. Correlations among P₁(4), [P₁(3) + P₂(3)] and [P₁(2) + P₂(2)] lines of the OH(8–3) band are studied, to find that their correlations are complete within an error of experiment; the correlation coefficient during a night ranges from 0.980 to 0.997. A midnight maximum of intensity of the OH(8-3) band is hardly found. During night the OH intensity always fairly fluctuates.     

Images of towns in Frankish Morea: the evidence of the ‘Chronicles’ of the Morea and of the Tocco

Abstract

In the summer of 1205 Raimbault of Vacqueyras, the troubadour who had shared Boniface of Monferrat's exploits in central Greece, exclaimed enthusiastically in Salonica:

‘Never did Alexander or Charlemagne or King Louis had such a glorious expedition, nor could the valiant lord Aimeri or Roland with his warriors win by might, in such noble fashion, such a powerful empire as we have won, whereby our faith is in ascendant; for we have created emperors and dukes and kings, and have manned strongholds near the Turks and Arabs, and opened up the roads and ports from Brindisi to St. George's Straits'.