The Work of the Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1958

The author defines satellites primarily on the basis of their commuting links with the central city or cities. He discusses characteristics of satellite cities and towns and their functions, trends in the development and location of satellites, and recommendations for Soviet city planning. In the following translation, the Russian term gorod has been translated as city, and poselok gorodskogo tipa (urban-type settlement) as town.     

藏琴成金 杨氏藏琴赏析

当代收藏已经不再公限于收藏传统的书画和瓷器,随着收藏家的精英化和收藏市场的成熟化,＂藏琴成金＂正成为近年艺术品市场的大势所趋。由于唐宁时期的古琴的数量极为有限,在艺术市场中出现机构较少。     

Centenary of the Department of Geography,University of Aberdeen

ABSTRACT

Prior to the amalgamation of Aberdeen’s two medieval universities in 1860, Geography had been taught to undergraduate students at both King’s and Marischal Colleges since at least the late 16th Century. First mooted in the early 1900s, it was not until 1919 that a lectureship in Geography at Aberdeen was created and a ‘Department of Geography’ came into being. In this contribution we chronicle how, over a century, the Geography department has evolved, highlighting developments in the curriculum and research-related activities. The early decades of the Department were shaped by John McFarlane, the first and only full-time appointee in Geography until his retirement in 1945. The post-World War II period, led by Andrew O’Dell, saw Geography develop into a large and influential Department. During the 1960s and 1970s, the Department (and University) experienced unprecedented levels of growth. Student numbers, research output and income accelerated apace. In the recent past national assessments of research and teaching quality and institutional restructuring have prompted further change. As the Department enters a second century it remains committed to delivering a high quality education to undergraduate and postgraduate students and to the pursuit of excellent geographical research.     

由“分期”史到“断代”史——民国时期大学“中国通史”讲授体系之演变

民国时期大学的中国通史讲授,有一个从模仿西洋史上古、中古、近古、近世的分期体系,向断代体系逐步演变的过程,最通行的断代方法为先秦、秦汉、魏晋南北朝、隋唐五代、宋辽金元、明清六段。在前一种讲授体系下,由于分期标准难以确定,造成时期划分极端混乱,中西历史对照讲授的目的难以达到,而且由于受西方中心史观的影响,还出现了强分时代乃至割裂历史的弊端。因此,这种讲授体系逐渐被各大学所抛弃,而代之以后者。后一种讲授体系的最终确立,是在分段问题上充分考虑中国自身历史发展特点的结果。其问题主要在于各段历史在实际讲授过程当中,常常不能衔接,造成通史事实上不通。与通史讲授体系的演变相呼应,通史教科书的编撰,也大体经历了一个从模仿西洋史分期,到依据本国历史发展特点构建本国通史著作体系的演变。这是中国史研究逐渐深入的一个表现。     

殷人尊东北方位说补证

殷人有重视东北方位、把东北看作是吉向尊位的传统观念。这是由于商族起源于东北地区的古渤海湾一带。甲骨文中“东北”为尊位而“西南”为卑位。商代都城规划中重东北方位的经营,如郑州商城、偃师商城、黄陂盘龙城、夏县东下冯商城、新近发现的焦作府城商代城址和洹北商城等莫不如此。尤以殷墟都城的规划布局重东北方位为甚,如殷墟地区时代最早的遗址在殷墟都城的东北部;殷墟都城之宫城正位于整个都城范围的东北部;殷墟发现的车马坑与大墓的位置关系也表明尊东北方位,等等。     

The coming of age of the history of archaeology

Publications and organizational developments relating to the history of archaeology from 1989 until June 1993 are critically examined. Attention is paid to the changing motivations for producing such publications, their shifting intellectual orientation, controversies, especially as they relate to internal vs external approaches and the epistemological status of explanations, problems of verification, and the status of these studies as a subfield within archaeology.     

Out of the shadow of man

R. D. Martin, G. A. Doyle and A. C. Walker, eds. Prosimian Biology. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1974. xxi + 983 pp. Figures, tables, indices. $48.00.

Ian Tattersall and Robert W. Sussman, eds. Lemur Biology. New York and London: Plenum Press, 1975. xiii + 365 pp. Figures, tables, and index. $22.95.

W. Patrick Luckett and Frederick S. Szalay, eds. Phylogeny of the Primates: A Multidisciplinary Approach. New York and London: Plenum Press, 1975. xiv + 483 pp. Figures, tables and index. $39.50.     

纸质文物变色原因及脱色方法研究进展

本文针对纸质文物的载体——纸张的变色进行探讨。从纸张的原料组成如纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、树脂等方面分析了造成纸质文物变色的原因。为了恢复纸张原有的颜色,就必须破坏发色基团,包括将发色基团的共轭双键打开;将发色基团和助色基团分开;改变助色基团的化学结构;通过氧化破坏双键或侧链,减少发色物质;改变发色基团结构。目前常用的脱色方法有氧化法、还原法和液体光漂等。本文概述了常用的脱色方法的机理及用于纸质文物脱色的优缺点。各种方法对纸张都有一定的破坏作用。因此在决定进行脱色之前要根据实际情况选择合适的方法。选择脱色方法的原则是有效性和尽量小的危害,脱色后要进行彻底洗涤。     

The Selection of Elements of the Physical-Geographic Environment and of Aspects of Human Occupance for an Evaluation of Physical Living Conditions

A review of research undertaken by the author, together with Ye. B. Lopatina, on the evaluation of the effect of various components of the natural environment on particular aspects of human occupance of a specific territory. The present paper attempts to select, group, and systematize the environmental elements to be evaluated in the form of a matrix, in which the character and the degree of the effect of each environmental factor are indicated. The matrix shows, for example, how a relief element, such as absolute elevation, affects public health or the esthetic-psychological perception of the environment, over how large an area, during what period of time, and what particular population groups. It also indicates whether the particular environmental effect is amenable to transformation.     

海南岛诸别称之由来

历史上海南岛有众多别称,按其属性,可分为八种类型：一是由本岛古代土居民的习俗而得名,有儋耳;二是由本岛历史上最早设立的两个地方政权名称而得名,有“珠崖、儋耳”、儋崖;三是由统辖全岛的政权名称而得名,有珠崖、崖州、琼州、琼管、琼、琼崖、琼台、琼瑶、琼州府、琼郡、琼甸、朱崖洲、琼岛、琼海：四是由本岛孤悬南海和远离祖国大陆而得名,有海南州、海外;五是由本岛远处祖国南陲而得名,有朱垠、南极、南荒、炎荒：六是由本岛古代盛产香料而得名,有香洲;七是由本岛战略地位和经济地位的重要而得名,有南溟奇甸、宝岛、“南天一柱”和“南海明珠”：八是由本岛明代人昌盛而得名,有海滨邹鲁。本主要通过上述各个方面探讨海南岛诸别称的由来。     

民国时期的双旗图案

本文所论双旗图案是指装饰于人工制品上的两面旗帜图案。其形制为两面带有旗杆的不同或相同旗帜左右并列,两旗杆相交,相交处或有丝带相束。就笔者所知,双旗图案至少已出现于清末宣统元年的褒奖状上（图1）,这件褒奖状是1909年武汉第一次劝业奖进会上颁给在羊楼洞采办茶砖最力者的奖状。     

郑州商城始建年代研究

二里冈下层地层普遍叠压郑州商城内城墙,内城存在大量洛达庙文化遗存及其宫殿基址,郑州商城内城应建于洛达庙类型的晚段,郑州商城郭城建立于二里冈下层一期。     

丝路撷英 旅顺博物馆藏丝绸之路文物展(上)

<正>丝绸之路是从中国出发,横贯亚洲,进而连接欧洲和北非的古代陆路交通的总称。这条古道将古老的中国文化、印度文化、波斯文化、阿拉伯文化和古罗马文化连接起来,促进了东西方文化的沟通与交流。本展览中的展品以旅顺博物馆藏古     

《四库全书总目》纠误两则

于中国历史与文化的研究赐惠颇多的《四库全书总目》亦有纰漏之处,我们发现该书在明代史料鉴别上出现了两处失误:将《姜氏秘史》与《革除编年》、《续藏书》与《熙朝名臣实录》各自看作两本不同的书,并给予迥异的评价。通过考证,《革除编年》即《姜氏秘史》,《熙朝名臣实录》即《续藏书》。《四库全书总目》一书两收两评的失误,让我们体会到当时政治对学术的干预及做学问之难。     

目录学视野下的《论语》变迁

伴随《论语》在儒家经典的地位的上升,以目录学为观察视角探析《论语》在众多的目录著作中由最初的＂经之附庸＂,逐步发展为一个固定类目,梳理《论语》类目在目录著作中的分合衍化,在经过了先秦两汉、魏晋至隋、唐宋、明清四个阶段后,由《论语》类目发展为＂四书＂类目的脉络。     

Paths of Evolution of Rural Settlements

Rural places are discussed in terms of predominantly farming communities, nonfarm communities and places with mixed functions. In the case of farming communities, Soviet policy is to encourage consolidation to optimal sizes of 1000 or 2000 people, to make possible better services than can be extended to single-dwelling and other very small settlements. An increasing share of nonfarm settlements among rural places reflects the operation of three kinds of processes: the appearance of places related to nonfarm use of the territory (mining, transportation, recreation, etc.); the transformation of rural places, especially in suburban zones into dormitory settlements; and the development of small-scale local industry.     

《旧唐书·地理志》西南地区正误

《旧唐书》虽经校勘,然仍有不少未尽善处。本文对《地理志》所记西南地区所涉诸州的州县领属、所领县数、设置时间及其变更等的失误,进行了订正和补遗。     

物联网发展趋势与文博信息化需求研究

物联网和泛在网络的快速发展为我国文化遗产保护提供了新的方法和手段,将大力提升博物馆信息化管理水平和公众服务水平。本工作通过分析物联网发展趋势,实地调研文博行业信息化发展情况和公众对博物馆信息化的期望,提出了应用物联网技术、覆盖文化遗产"五大尺度"的信息化建设建议。     

Problems of Development of Old Industrial Regions of Capitalist Countries

A review of three Western studies of the problems of old industrial regions—the Pittsburgh region, New England, and Western Europe—finds that the stagnancy and decline of such areas have been partly alleviated by the introduction of new industries such as electronics and aircraft manufacture. However, these industries are viewed as being excessively dependent on fluctuating government defense contracts and thus are not considered to be a basic solution to the problem of reviving depressed areas.     

千手观音造像修复试验区法器的造型研究

法器作为千手观音形象的重要组成部分,有着相对固定的题材和形象,法器的造型研究对千手观音造像的修复有着重要的意义.本文概述了千手观音造像的基本形式,以及千手、千眼与法器之间的配置关系,并着重梳理了千手观音造像中法器的造型特征和形象渊源,以2013年修复试验区中的4件法器为案例,对其进行造型特点、着色工艺等方面的分析与研究.