COMMUNITIES ON THE EDGE: AN ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF RESOURCE-DEPENDENT COMMUNITIES IN CANADA

Our impressions of Canadian resource-dependent communities are often still influenced by the classic works of Innis, Robinson, Lucas, Siemens, and others. Although this research has proven to be valuable, it has also established several generalizations regarding these settings, including the perceptions that community labour forces and economic structures are relatively homogenous, that nonresource sectors play an insignificant role in the communities, and that these communities are found primarily in isolated northern regions. These generalizations are now beginning to be questioned, given the rapid economic and social changes taking place in these communities and the recent theoretical and empirical contributions of geographers and other social scientists. This paper summarizes this classic research, then challenges these generalizations by discussing recent applications of the concepts of economic restructuring and labour-market segmentation theory to the context of resource-dependent communities. To further illustrate these characteristics, the paper then presents an empirical analysis of 220 Canadian resource-dependent communities across six resource sectors, focusing specifically on their labour-market characteristics and the relationship between resource dependence and spatial isolation. Nos impressions des communautés mono-industrielles canadiennes spécialisées dans la production des ressources sont souvent encore influencées, entre autres, par les études classiques de Innis, Robinson, Lucas, et Siemens. Bien que cette recherche ait prouvé sa valeur, elle a aussi servi àétablir plusieurs généralisations concernant ces milieux, incluant les notions que la main d'oeuvre et les structures économiques de ces communautés sont relativement homogènes, que les secteurs non-reliés à l'exploration des ressources n'y jouent qu'un rôle peu significatif, et que ces communautés se retrouventsurtout dans les régions isolées du nord. Ces généralisations sont maintenant soumises à une remise en question, compte tenu des changements économiques et sociaux rapides dont ces communautés font l'objet et des récentes contributions théoriques et empiriques de géographes et d'autres chercheurs en sciences sociales. Cet article résume cette recherche classique et conteste ces généralisations en commentant les récentes applications du concept de restructuration économique etde la théorie de la segmentation du marché d'emploi associés au contexte des communautés dépendentes de l'extraction de ressources. Afin d'illustrer ces caractéristiques, l'article présente une analyse empirique portant sur 220 communautés canadiennes et sur six secteurs de ressources, etse concentre plus spécifiquement sur les caractéristiques de leur marché de la main-d'oeuvre et sur les liens existant entre la condition de dépendance à une ressource et l'isolation spatiale.     

人文主义地理学与地理学人本传统的复兴

实证主义地理学是通过"认识论翻转"确定均质化空间而保证其有效性的,这在根本上规定了实证主义方法论中人文世界的隐没。人类科学理性的缔造经过"认识论翻转",确保了其割裂人文世界的普世价值观,并随着实证主义在近现代的成功和学科建制化而得到制度保障。这一历程在显示实证主义对地理学神圣指导作用的同时,暗含了其对地理学分工的不适。在"认识论翻转"层面上,人文主义地理学对地理学研究传统进行了"否思":①重新评估了地理学的本体论问题,使人文世界定位于地理学研究领域之内;②发展了针对人文世界的整体主义方法论,但并非对实证主义的反判;③人文主义地理学的立足点伦理和价值是内在的而非实证主义外在的;④人文主义地理学讨论的知识论要求"本体论-认识论与方法论-价值论"的联通以获得具有人性的世界图景。     

批判实在论视域的新经济地理学——对地理学批判实在论的超越

新经济地理学一向被认为是实证主义的,荷兰经济哲学家证明新经济地理学与实在论哲学兼容,地理学家塞耶依据地理学批判实在论对新经济地理学进行了再批判。以上述争议为基础,本文对塞耶地理学批判实在论范畴提出质疑,认为地理学批判实在论偏离了其哲学先驱巴斯卡的批判实在论。以巴斯卡批判实在论为依据,新经济地理学从聚集生成机制角度揭示了真实的聚集规律,体现出批判实在论特征。     

THE ROLE OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE SUPPLY OF HOUSING*

ABSTRACT As the housing stock in a city is duplicated, developers must devote greater amounts of resources to the provision of infrastructure. If the production of infrastructure is characterized by decreasing returns to scale, this will cause the price of developable land to increase. The conditions under which an upward-sloping supply curve for housing will result are discussed. Using cross-sectional data for U.S. cities from 1973 to 1982, it is shown that land prices fail to increase with the quantity of construction and that the price elasticity of the supply of housing is infinite.     

THE 1929 MEETING OF SOVIET GEOGRAPHY TEACHERS: A KEY EVENT IN THE HISTORY OF SOVIET ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

A Soviet economic geographer who participated in a 1929 conference of geography teachers describes the antecedents, the atmosphere and the proceedings of this crucial meeting in a stormy period of the discipline. It was a landmark in the history of Soviet economic geography in marking the beginning of the end of the old sectoral-statistical approach and inaugurating the new regional school led by N. N. Baranskiy.     

中国社会地理学发展综述

在中国人文地理学众多分支学科中,社会地理学属于发展较慢的一个分支,但近年来出现了较快的发展势头,研究内容日益广泛,研究人员对社会地理学的诸多领域开展了研究,包括:
1.社会地理学的性质与内容。在吸收西方社会地理学成果的基础上,结合中国实际,认为要重点研究社会集团的空间活动,也有人认为要研究社会集团、社会文化、社会生态、社会问题。
2.社区地理研究。主要内容包括社区地理的理论、城市社会区域的划分、农村社区、社会集团等方面的研究。
3.社会问题的研究。主要有犯罪现象、贫困问题等。
随着人文地理学在中国的全面复兴,地理学出现了明显的人文化、社会化趋向,人文地理工作者从原先注重经济活动转而关注社会问题,特别是进入九十年代以来,社会转型加快,社会问题愈加突出地显现出来,迫切需要建立中国的社会地理学理论体系,加强对现实社会问题的研究,开拓新的研究领域,如生活水平与生活方式、生活空间、社会变迁等,为我国制定有关方针政策提供依据。     

THE EVOLUTION OF FEDERAL-PROVINCIAL RELATIONS IN CANADA: SOME REFLECTIONS

The Canadian Confederation has endured for more than a century, but the country retains extensive internal divisions. Indeed, the presence of a separatist provincial government in Quebec illustrates that Canada's fragmentations not only have persisted but may actually be deepening. This article comprises an examination of the relationship between federal and provincial governments from the Confederation period of the 1860s to the present. The objective is an appreciation of how the federation has developed into the current form of executive federalism. The historical discussion considers the successive and distinct intervals of federal-provincial relations which preceded executive federalism. They are the Confederation era, dual federalism, and cooperative federalism. Executive federalism entails a series of conferences between officials of federal and provincial governments in which national policy in fields of common interest is negotiated.

The article maintains that four themes firmly grounded in Confederation pervade the evolution of federal-provincial relations. They are: the absence of a sense of national allegiance throughout Canada; the constitution's explicit assignment of important responsibilities to the provinces; the disproportionate strength of Ontario and Quebec; and Quebec's relentless cultural individuality. Because these characteristics have, if anything, intensified in recent years, executive federalism is now necessary to accommodate conflicts between federal and provincial governments. Moreover, for a variety of reasons, both Canada's centrifugal character and executive federalism may be expected to continue indefinitely. The adversary nature of executive federalism, and the advantages which it offers to certain provinces, assure that a high level of federal-provincial tension also will be perpetuated.     

中国乡村地理学研究的重新定向

本文首先分析了乡村地理学及其相邻学科(乡村经济学、乡村社会学)对乡村研究的基本内容,认为三者各有侧重,乡村地理学重点从地域空间的角度分析乡村的各种问题,乡村经济学主要关注乡村经济系统的组织与发展规律,乡村社会学则把重点放在乡村社会变迁上,但共同交叉之处甚多。乡村问题带有地域性、综合性特点,在当今城市化的背景下,乡村地域的功能在发生变化,乡村产业结构、社会结构均经历着由传统向现代的全面转型,当前我国乡村地理学需要重新定向,笔者建议以乡村社会经济变迁的研究为主线,加强经济、社会、地理的综合研究,探讨空间结构模式及其规律性,指导乡村发展的实践。     

新文化地理学视角下的女性主义地理学研究

在文化地理学研究向新文化地理学转向、女性主义运动蓬勃发展、女性主义理论在跨学科过程中日益完善的背景下,西方女性主义地理学从女性经验、性别权利、女性内部差异入手,提供了以女性主义视角分析地理学问题的新的发展领域,并发展出质疑与抵抗男性权威话语的学科范式。本文依循女性主义地理学中对身体、工作、空间和国家/民族等主要议题的探讨,梳理西方学者的研究进展,以期对本土研究提供有益借鉴。