Dreams and Conversions: A Comparative Analysis of Catholic and Buddhist Dreams in Ming and Qing China. Part Two

A database of holy dreams, assembled from Jesuit reports of the 17th century, forms the basis for qualitative and quantitative analyses, the results of which are compared with a second database of holy dreams drawn from Buddhist sources of the 17th and 18th centuries. The comparative analysis of religious images, doctrines, and the social history of dreams allows for some tentative observations on the psychology of Christian conversion and the sociology of Christian community formation in late Ming and early Qing China.     

明清两朝考据学之比较研究

明代考据学是在明中叶"黜虚崇实"思潮影响下产生和发展起来的。它直接或间接启迪和影响了清初及乾嘉考据学的发展。清代学者在继承和发扬明中叶以来求实学风和考据学成就的同时,也在很大程度上摒弃了明代考据学中存在的不良风气。他们强调"博学"、"博证",但多不炫奇。尤其是清初几位大师无不把"求实"与"经世致用"紧密结合起来。这是与明代考据学的根本区别。乾嘉考据学则与明代考据学有着较多的相同点,但在治学的范围、方法及研究的广度、深度上大大超过了前代。     

从生态民俗角度比较明清苏州与徽州的区域民俗文化

生态民俗系自然的生态学与人文的民俗学交叉所产生的学术新概念,是对“联系食物链的有关民俗文化”的统称。其中,同食物链诸环节相联系的民俗事项关系亦叫生态民俗链,其与区域民俗文化特色的生成、演绎和发展有着深层相关性,受到中外学界的关注。本文试从自然的和人文的角度,通过苏州、徽州两地民俗文化的比较来加以证实。     

明末清初西部虎患考述

明末清初 ,我国西部地区自山西、陕西经四川到贵州、广西以及云南等省均发生过程度不等的虎患 ,给人民生命财产造成严重损失。本文认为 ,虎患既与人类过分开垦山地导致自然环境恶化有关 ,又与当时战乱动荡导致社会极度破败有关。康熙中叶以后 ,西部地区虎患日渐减少 ,说明人在改造自然界的过程中征服了老虎 ,但也最终破坏了自然环境。     

《明清史探索》提要

《明清史探索》一书出版问世,这是张玉兴研究明清史、满族史的自选论集,倾注了作全部心血,学术造诣极深。此对该书中专门研究清代人物、典章制度的第一至第七部分加以提要,便于读阅读。     

明清时期江淮西部地区干湿状况研究(1450-1911)

对明清江淮西部地区的旱涝史料进行梳理,对逐年州县旱涝灾害资料等级进行量化处理,并通过计算旱涝平均等级值和10年滑动平均值,重建1450—1911年该区域的干湿变化时间序列。结果发现,该区1450—1911年间共出现6个干湿阶段: 1450—1490年,以轻度干旱为主;1491—1545年,旱涝灾害频发,干湿波动较为明显;1546—1625年,旱涝灾害少发,干湿比较平稳;1626—1710年,以中度干旱为主,极端干旱事件发生频率显著增加;1711—1860年,气候湿润;1861—1911年,干湿波动偏湿润。不同的干湿阶段对江淮西部的湖泊也造成了一定的影响,干旱时期,湖盆积水减少,湖周萎缩;湿润时期,降雨增加,湖泊的蓄水量增加。     

明末清初俄使出访中国初探

俄中交往始于１６１８年的佩特林使团访华。本文考察俄国人开辟俄华通道出使中国的背景,考证使团的人数、路线、行期,评说《见闻记》的内容、特色和价值,分析俄中交往暂辍的原因,研讨佩特林访华的余波和影响,以及有关的问题。     

清廷三大实测全图东北地区比较研究

将两个版本康熙《皇舆全览图》,以及《雍正十排图》《乾隆十三排图》中东北地区的地理要素,分交通站点、河流水系、村落地名、府州县城名四大类进行对比。发现就东北地区图面内容而言,《雍正十排图》和《乾隆十三排图》与铜版《皇舆全览图》的相关性大于二者与福克司版《皇舆全览图》的相关性;而《乾隆十三排图》中的地理要素信息主要参考自《雍正十排图》。     

A Study of Suzhou as the Economic Center of China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

As the biggest tax payer in China during the Ming and Qing dynasties, Suzhou was the most prominent center to provide tax, money and grain for the country. It was known for its commodity production of silk, cotton, and printed materials. Suzhou’s wood manufacturing and processing industry were also unrivaled. Meanwhile, Suzhou was famous for jade carvings, embroidery, mounting, lacquer, musical instruments and other processing industries of copper, iron, gold, silver, etc. As a world-famous center of commodity production and processing, Suzhou exported the local commodities and imported various kinds of raw materials. Suzhou was also a transportation center in China, transporting goods and materials across the country and balancing the market. Financial institutions such as banks and exchange shops were established in Suzhou as well, where the circulation of silver and copper coins was voluminous and the use of foreign silver coins started early. With advanced financial settlement methods, Suzhou absorbed the capital from towns and cities nearby, profited from high cash turnover, and became a highly developed financial center. As far as the economic aggregate, commodity production and circulation were concerned, Suzhou was a far more advanced urban center than Hangzhou which was another industrial and financial city.     

南通明清以来绘画概说

本文主要介绍了明清以来南通众多画家的艺术成就。     

镇志的编纂和明清江南市镇变迁--以浙江湖州双林镇为例

浙江湖州双林镇是一个自发成长起来的市镇。其历代镇志的编纂也由来自不同背景的人完成。考察这些作者的身份,可以透视出双林镇的变迁。     

明清苏州经济中心地位略论

明清时代的苏州,交纳赋税最多,负担最重,是全国最为突出的赋税钱粮重地;丝绸、棉布及加工业和书籍刻印等大宗商品生产极为发达,木器制造加工业独步全国,玉器雕琢、绣作、裱褙作、漆作、乐器、铜铁金银器加工业等极其精巧,是举世闻名的商品生产加工中心;大规模输出当地大宗商品,输入各种原材料,转输全国物资并平衡整合市场,是全国物资的流通转输中心;钱庄、票号等金融机构布设密集,银钱流通量巨大,较早行用洋银,金融结算手段较为先进,吸纳周围城镇的资本,货币周转获利较快,是高度发达的银钱金融中心。从当时苏州的经济总量、商品生产和商品流通来看,其中心都市的地位远在另一工商城市杭州之上。     

中美旅游目的地营销比较

中国正在努力实现从世界旅游大国向世界旅游强国的跨越,迫切需要把市场营销提高到国际先进水平。本文通过对中关两大旅游目的地之间营销模式及13个营销要点的对比分析,通过对美国DMO营销趋势的考察,提出中国旅游营销必须借鉴世界先进国家的8个领域：营销专业化,加大营销投入,加强网络营销,调整营销战略,注重游客市场调查,提高目的地服务质量,改进培训与教育,建立专业营销机构与加强跨地区协作。     

明清之际西洋音乐在中国内地传播考略

明清之际,西洋音乐随着欧洲商人与传教士的东来传入中国,首先在澳门,并经澳门向中国内地传播。本文勾稽大量中西文史料,对西洋音乐在中国宫廷及民间传播的史实进行了分析,并对明清之际几次西洋乐队进入中国进行了考证,其中很多资料均为作者发掘。     

明清玉器种类与装饰题材

一．与收藏联系紧密的明清玉器对古玉的收藏,应该说从古玉诞生的那一刻就开始了。只是当时收藏的意义仅仅等同于拥有。把前人留下的优秀文化遗物进行系统地收集、整理、研究,以阐释特定历史文化下的思想意识、社会生活、工艺艺术等问题,开先河者当属宋人。     

明清时期华南地区乡村聚落的宗族化与军事化--以赣南乡村围寨为中心

自明中叶以迄清代,由于险恶的地理生态环境和长期的社会动荡,赣南乡村居民自发地构筑大量用于军事防卫的乡村围寨,于是形成广泛而持续的筑寨建围运动。伴随着乡村围寨的构筑和乡族武装力量的崛起,乡族势力尤其是宗族的力量得到不断的发展,并日益地军事化和割据化,逐渐成为乡村社会中非常成熟的支配力量。乡村宗族构筑围寨,“聚族自保”,直接地导致“聚族而居”聚居聚落的形成,聚居宗族也得以强化,这展示了赣南乃至整个华南地区宗族发达并与村落重叠这一普遍而显著的社会人文现象的历史形成过程。     

明清江南地区的文人游风

明清时期的江南,文人士大夫好游成风。文人专心于游事,固然是其习性所使,但事实上也与他们的人生遭际不无关联。而文人们的寻幽探胜、流连风景活动,客观上也产生了积极广泛的文化意义。     

明清郧阳府志述略

明清时期主要编修了8种郧阳府志,其实用价值体现在：不仅是编修十堰市新志书必不可少的基础和参考,也是今天研究十堰市乃至鄂豫陕川古代文学、民俗学、历史、地理、天文、矿藏、农业生产、自然灾害,特别是明清以来社会历史发展情况不可缺少的资料宝库。根据郧阳府志的体例、体裁、框架篇目、记载内容来看,认为郧阳府志的性质既不属于地理,也不属于历史,而应是方志。     

Tongzhou's Commerce in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

During the Ming and Qing dynasty, Tongzhou was not only a riverside port city for transporting grain to the capital, a key site for goods storage, but also witnessed the means of transportation of commercial goods from southern China changed from water to land, where commercial goods imported to Beijing together with those to be sold in northern China splits. Both the Ministry of Revenue (Gongbu) and Ministry of Works (Hubu) set up their customs in Tongzhou, respectively, and Zhangjiawan was the subsection of the customs; the major commercial goods including grain, liquor, distiller’s yeast, textiles, and groceries, were transferred through the customs of Ministry of Works. Judging from the establishment of broker house and broker tax, the volume of commodities being transported via Zhangjiawan might be bigger than Tongzhou. Shanxi merchants established guild halls (huiguan) in both Tongzhou and Zhangjiawan. They transported bulk commodities such as textiles and tea to the north of China, while Zhangjiakou and Guihuacheng were their main resale destinations. In other words, both Tongzhou and Zhangjiawan were important transportation ports for the businesses of Shanxi merchants regarding their trades within the northern territory as well as the trade at Khyagt between late imperial China and tsarist Russia.     

流散于葡萄牙的中国明清瓷器

本文论述了中国明清两代输往葡萄牙外销瓷的史实。作者在论证中结合了西方有关的档案文献及目前存世的考古发掘与官私收藏的外销瓷实物,并重点介绍了早期存在于葡萄牙的外销瓷和纹章瓷。文章指出广彩在中外贸易和文化交流中不可估量的贡献,而澳门是整个贸易过程的最重要的环节。最后总结出外销瓷具有极高的历史和科研价值,如今存世不多的葡萄牙人在华定制的“纹章瓷”是中葡关系的历史见证。