走出中国美国史研究的困境——以中国的美国革命史叙述为例

由于中国的美国史研究存在着一种厚今薄古的倾向,中国的美国革命史研究长期以来一直是中国美国史研究的薄弱环节.在中国,关于美国革命历史的研究文章数量十分有限,专著更是寥寥无几.即便是在这些有限的叙述中,还存在着不少令人遗憾的问题.这些问题到目前为止并没有得到学术上的反思和讨论,它们仍然在不同程度地制约着当下的中国美国史研究.本文试图以对这个领域中所存在的几个具体问题的观察和思考,提出一点个人的看法,以期引起学界同人的讨论和批评.     

摩洛哥彩色的童话

在非洲大陆的西北角,有这么一个奇妙国度,她四面“环海”:东南背靠撒哈拉大沙海,西临浩浩大西洋,北依地中海直布罗陀.她七彩缤纷,眩目多姿:从马拉喀什雕梁画栋的千姿百态到古城菲斯的天方夜谭,从卡萨布兰卡大清真寺的万般惊艳到梅克内斯的惊喜满途,从撒哈拉沙漠的漫漫黄沙到直布罗陀的天涯海角,更有舍夫沙万的梦幻蓝彩和艾西拉艺术小清新.毫不夸张的说,其万千姿彩绝对超出一般人的想象.     

铁路之上看南亚

每个去斯里兰卡的游客都渴望去乘坐一回海边火车或者山地火车,去体验一回曾经的古老的殖民地风情;孟加拉的火车,吸引了全球各地的摄影爱好者前来拍摄;相比较而言,尼泊尔境内的“国际列车”,则鲜有人知了.这三国几乎可以代表整个南亚的火车特色和状况,它不仅是当地人的交通工具,还是游客体验当地风土人情的人文景观,我在乘坐之中,经常可以碰到一些非常有意思的人和事.     

蔚蓝大海的召唤

碧海蓝天、椰林环绕、洁白沙滩、海风习习、浩瀚星空、浪声阵阵……这些耳熟能详的大海代名词给了大家无限的向往.事实上,大海的美很难用笔墨形容,那片无限的湛蓝总是给人无尽的想象.转瞬间,我们已经步入艳阳高照的盛夏,你也许已经开始了自己的度假规划,可是没有大海的夏天显然是不完整的,面对这片蔚蓝,吹着温柔的海风,怎能不心生向往?而对于海边旅行而言,选对岛屿和酒店就成功了80％,所以美轮美奂的风景和酒店的品质直接决定了旅行的成功与否.     

这个世界巧夺天工

矗立于中亚的帕米尔高原,与东南的青藏高原连为一体,构成平均海拔4000米以上的高亚洲.在帕米尔周围延伸出五大山系:东北的天山山脉,东南的昆仑山脉、喀喇昆仑山脉和喜马拉雅山脉,西南的兴都库什山脉,地理学家称之为帕米尔山结. 帕米尔高原具有一些矛盾的特性,她既偏远又中心,既是险阻又是通衢,对于中国人来说,她是辽阔国境最西部的一个高原;然而,纯粹从地理的角度看,她位于欧亚大陆的中心偏南,恰似心脏般强壮和耀眼,将亚洲大陆分割成东亚、南亚、西亚和北亚几个独立的地区,画地作狱,天各一方;同时,她又提供了一条条隐秘而坚韧的通道,让各地声气相通,是引人瞩目的交通枢纽.     

翡冷翠 百花深处的托斯卡那

来到翡冷翠的那天,是个典型的托斯卡那的天气:蓝天白云、阳光明媚。很早就听说了托斯卡那,真正对她着迷,是在看了贝托鲁奇的《盗美人》和安东尼奥尼的《云上的日子》之后。比比皆是的艺术品、大理石的建筑和著名的雕塑、色彩鲜艳的墙壁、深绿色的百页窗、深红的屋顶、田野上长身玉立的柏树、街道两边古老的店铺、马车的铃声叮叮响在耳旁……一切又把我带回了那部萦绕心头已久的电影里!     

佩奇 昔日辉煌重现

正佩奇(Pecs)是匈牙利中南部的重镇,也被旅行者认为是匈牙利最具吸引力的城市之一,我们被它两千多年的历史吸引而来,也是为这里的世界文化遗产而来。匈牙利的地域并不算辽阔,从北部的布达佩斯开车到中南部的佩奇不过200公里的距离,再往南100公里就出了国境线了。一路上大部分地区是高速,穿行在成片的农田之中。佩奇的历史城区被成片地保护下来,并且划为步行区,我们订了老城区里面的酒店,把     

爱上四季 让旅途升温的好酒店

在一首古老的马尔代夫民谣中曾这样唱道: “在辽阔的印度洋地平线上生长着绿色的棕榈,这是我的故乡,这是马尔代夫;在清澈的蓝色海洋上,我们像珍珠般生长,这是我的故乡,这是马尔代夫.” 在这里不仅有着蔚蓝色的海洋、青绿色的礁石、白色的海滩和茂密的棕榈树,长久以来这里的人们过着田园牧歌式的生活.无论你来过多少次马尔代夫,或者是第一次来到这里,如果想留下一个美好的印象,那么入住马尔代夫的大、小四季酒店真的是一个再好不过的选择.这是联排别墅掩映下的一处私密隐逸圣地,踏上小岛那一刻,就犹如走进了天堂般的后花园,一切似乎都显得如此简单、自然.     

大理诗意村庄

一路向西去大理 夜空忽然下起了绵密的小雨,石板路上泛着喜悦的光,街旁的每一个门窗都像各具风情的小戏台,演员们或已上场,或在幕后等待.他们在喝酒、谈情、看书、购物、唱歌……四周充满了自由和安宁的气息.今夜,我的耳畔响起许巍的《温暖》:我坐在我的房间,翻看着你的相片,又让我想到了大理……     

建设社会主义新农村的尖兵——访安徽省宿州市夏刘寨村支书王化东

在皖北宿州市,距凤阳小岗村100多公里的地方,一个叫夏刘寨的村庄,又在上演“红手印”的故事,但这边的故事与当年为大包干而摁手印的小岗村农民恰恰相反,是把分出去的土地重新集中了起来,并且还办理了公证。此事经媒体报道后,引起了安徽省省长王金山的高度重视,随后他批下了“建设社会主义新农村需要更多的王化东”等足有500余字的重要指示,分管农业的副省长赵树丛也相应做了批示。从而,“夏刘寨模式”传遍全省,影响及于全国。     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Garibaldi and Mazzini: thought and action

Abstract

The relationship between Mazzini and Garibaldi is described in its ideological roots and in its political developments, in order to show their different attitude towards the Italian unification. Although their first misunderstanding happened during the Roman Republic in 1849, Mazzini's influence is still strong in the organization and in the success of the liberation of Two Sicilies in 1860, particularly through Francesco Crispi. The final personal break was caused by the unlucky experience of the Mentana expedition (1867), when Garibaldi failed to free Rome. Fundamental ideas as democracy, republic, social justice, humanity and universal brotherhood have been however always common to them. The two protagonists of Risorgimento never intended accepting the role to which their fateful encounter prompted them – the one to provide the brawn and the other the brains for Italy's liberation. Just as Mazzini never renounced involving himself in the operational decisions of the movement, Garibaldi never gave up his own way of thinking and looking at things.     

千泉、白水城和恭御城考辨

根据汉籍史料和阿拉伯地理文献,区分了中外史料记述的不同,考辨了千泉、白水城和恭御城的方位。玄奘所言"千泉",当在今哈萨克斯坦的梅尔克;玄奘所言千泉与阿拉伯地理学家所记之千泉,并非指称同一地方。玄奘所记白水城与阿拉伯地理学家所记之白水城(Isfijab)不能相等同;玄奘所记"白水",似应"泉"字之讹,即为阿拉伯地理学家所记之千泉(Abarjaj);而玄奘所记"恭御城"是阿拉伯地理学家所记之白水城。     

解读《边城》和《苔丝》中的画面与音乐

《边城》和《德伯家的苔丝》(简称《苔丝》)分别是中英两国“乡土文学”的典型代表沈从文和哈代的主要代表作。两位作家将画面与音乐视为文字之外的语义载体,填补了文字所不能表达的空白,丰富了作品的主题意境。     

原真性与完整性:质疑、新知与启示

在世界遗产理论发展路程中,对遗产原真性及完整性的质疑和思考是推动理论不断丰富完善的一股重要动力。完整性适用于所有遗产地,整体保护政策正是对完整性这一命题的呼应和阐释。对遗产原真性的质疑主要表现在非物质文化遗产方面,特别是活态遗产,现在遗产界已经越来越认识到非物质遗产不能简单套用物质遗产的原真性,非物质文化遗产环境的原真性要素也可以表现为一种"演进中的原真性"。因质疑而思考,进而获得新知。这一途径启示我们,应以一种开放性的、持续完善的思维和态度来对待遗产事业。     

Geography and psychoanalysis: Tensions and possibilities

I am concerned in this paper with the diversity of psychoanalysis, a feature of the discipline which we can connect with diasporas and the re-working of ideas in different locales. I try to demonstrate how experience and environment have contributed to the development of psychoanalysis. Key to the production of knowledge are the journeys of theorists, practitioners and ideas. Following Liz Bondi, I stress the importance of acknowledging the connection between experience, theory and practice in our own work. I suggest that geographers can follow those psychoanalysts who have moved from the clinic to broader political projects but that they should engage with recent critical research in psychoanalysis if a dialogue is to develop.     

Dictatorships and Revolutions in Portugal and Chile: Ethnography,Memory and Invisibilities

This article discusses the relation between ethnography and underexposure of memory. Displaying similar characteristics, the ethnographies we developed in Portugal and Chile dealt precisely with this thematic in different chronological periods. We are going to point out our fieldwork convergences, specifically in what concerns the data recollection process.     

真品与高仿、粗仿青花瓷热释光及成分分析对比实验

为了防止有人以假乱真,扰乱古董市场的健康发展,为此通过三种青花瓷碎片(真品、高仿、粗仿)的热释光及微探针型X荧光分析对比,找出三者的不同。结果表明,热释光法可以直接给出真伪。从X荧光得到成分来对比此三种瓷片的异同结果,建议用瓷胎的多个主、微量元素一起来分析对比,才易于得到正确的结论。     

Engineers and engineering history: problems and perspectives

In past decades, the history of engineers and engineering has seen spectacular development. Despite this, major interrogations are still left unanswered. This article examines some of these pending questions, like the type of relation that exists between engineering knowledge and practice, or the complex articulation between continuities and discontinuities that characterizes engineering history. Finally, the article proposes to focus on engineering rationality as a possible way to address some of these issues. In order to do so, engineering rationality is not to be confused with some kind of generic and abstract logic. On the contrary, it must be historicized.