《礼记·乐记》文学批评思想探讨

《礼记》是一部儒家经典著作,其中包含许多儒家的文学理论与批评思想,尤其是其中的《乐记》,可以说是一篇专门阐述儒家文学理论与批评思想的专章。《乐记》中的儒家文学理论与批评思想主要包括:乐感论,即关于音乐应感的思想。这一思想一方面表现为音乐是由人心感物而生的;另一方面是音乐的感物作用;乐礼论,即乐与礼的关系。乐与礼的关系,实际上也就是文艺与社会伦理道德的关系。《乐记》中对乐与礼的关系进行了深入的阐述。乐准论,即音乐的评价标准,也即文艺批评的标准。音乐评价的标准包括“和”、“正”、“真”等。     

解读古希腊与先秦儒家伦理政治观

“伦理”“政治”“道德”“伦理政治”在中西方不同的历史和文化情境中,有着不同的词源和含义,有着不同的形成路径和思维理路。本文从概念的起源与含义、伦理政治形成的不同历史情境入手,解读古希腊与先秦儒家伦理政治观的形成及其内涵。     

论文明建设中儒家思想的影响

通过对儒家伦理思想的形成和发展过程的研究,阐述了儒家伦理思想对社会精神文明的影响,对当今人们的伦理、道德观的取向有一定的导向作用。注重人生、儒家伦理一直是中国传统文化的一个基本价值取向,它对于中华民族文化心理的构建、文化形象的塑造,都起到了基础和骨架的作用。     

先秦儒家与伊斯兰伦理文化形成背景的异同

先秦儒家伦理文化与伊斯兰伦理文化的形成具有不同的自然地理环境、思想基础和文化渊源,从而形成不同的伦理文化类型。然而先秦儒家与伊斯兰伦理道德都是在社会过渡、矛盾尖锐、道德滑坡的情况下形成的,都有寻求改良社会的愿望和主张,也都提出了政治统一的要求。因而先秦儒家和伊斯兰伦理文化具有相同点以及重要的现代道德价值。在两种不同的伦理文化传统之间的区别与联系中,挖掘不同传统的现代价值所在,有助于文化的本源建设,文化互补有助于文化重建和新的伦理道德建设,有助于民族团结和社会和谐。     

儒家伦理观念指导下的曾国藩华洋交涉思想

儒家伦理观念指导下的曾国藩华洋交涉思想汪林茂在传统的以伦理为本位的中国社会,儒家伦理纲维一切。整个社会被置于无所不包的伦理网罗之下,与“外夷”交往的活动,当然也贯彻着儒家伦理精神。从古老的“用夏变夷”理想,到道光帝“大皇帝相待以诚……该国亦应以诚相待...     

浅析明清商业文化中的儒家伦理精神

文章详细地叙述了明清商业文化中儒家伦理精神的多种表现,较为全面地分析了儒家伦理精神渗透于商业文化中的原因,并就明清商业文化的儒家伦理化所产生的社会影响提出了自己的看法。     

中西合璧 雅致闲适——论梁实秋散文的文化品位

梁实秋深受东西方文化的影响,其散文体现出中西合璧、雅致闲适的文化品位,既渗有中国传统文化的“温柔敦厚”的儒家诗教和“孝悌忠信礼义廉耻”的儒家伦理观念,自然、随缘的道家之风。又透出西方文化的理性精神和价值观,自由文明的绅士风。粱实秋用幽默谐谑的笔调将生活琐事和人情世故构筑出独特的艺术境界,成为20世纪中国现代散文史上闲适派的主力作家,对中国文学产生了不可忽视的影响。     

天学精神与明末政治伦理——明末中西文化冲突探因

在儒释道三教会通成为明末化领域中最突出的特点时,欧洲耶稣会士东来并把天主教传人中国,参与了此时以会通为内容的化交流。在天主教的本质天学精神与中国的传统化进行会通时,天学精神与明末的政治伦理产生了一系列的矛盾,此外还对明末社会的稳定提出挑战：对内体现为传教士的传教活动是“邪教惑民”,对外则体现为传教士与海盗殖民的“勾结扰国”。     

清代的文化政策与礼仪伦理建设

清政权为弥合满汉文化差异、协调民族冲突而采取的文化策略,在国家政治、学术导向、治（统）道（统）同体等方面都有体现,其根本目的在于建设社会礼制、复兴儒家伦理。清廷通过创制礼制、扶持“三礼”学的文化政策,奠定了礼仪伦理建设的思想基础,完成了其在制度上对礼的抉择历程。这是清初以来,统治者对思想界倡礼之风的积极回应,它不仅引发了知识界对“三礼”研究的热潮,而且还对“以礼代理”的学术潮流的形成起了催发作用。     

论儒家资本主义学说

儒家资本主义学说主张“儒家伦理促进经济发展”,曾在学界一度流行。由于儒家资本主义学说要讨论的东亚“现代性的采借”,不同于韦伯要讨论的西欧“现代性的始发”,加之儒家和新教宗教形态、社会作用模式都有不同,“韦伯命题”对儒家资本主义学说的意义有限。儒家资本主义学说过多地依赖韦伯理论,采用单调的对勘比较法建构逻辑,就不免产生过多牵强附会的比附。儒家资本主义学说之所以流行,主要是它迎合了学术思想界一些价值需求,使得这一学说论调多于论证,最终变成一股泡沫化的“思潮”。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF ISLAMIC POTTERY GLAZES FROM FUSTAT,EGYPT*

Lead isotope analyses have been undertaken on a group of Islamic lead‐glazed pottery artefacts from Fustat, Egypt, spanning the period from the eighth to the 14th century ad , that had previously been the subject of a comprehensive typological, chronological, petrographic and technological study. Comparison of the lead isotope ratios for the glazes with those for lead ores from Egypt, Iran, Tunisia, Anatolia, Greece, Sardinia and Spain provided information on the possible sources of the lead used in the production of the glazes. The results show that the lead used in glaze production by the Islamic potters at Fustat was most probably obtained from distant ore sources in Iran or Tunisia, Sardinia, Spain and the Taurus Mountains. Different ore sources were favoured in different periods and, to a limited extent, for different types of pottery, but at no time did the Fustat potters use the potentially more accessible Egyptian ore sources.     

Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin,S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov

Schmidt, R., March 2007. Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin, S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov. Alcheringa 31, 67-84. ISSN 0311-5518.

Free-living bryozoans are diverse in the Eocene sediments of the St. Vincent Basin, South Australia. They include Bonellina pentagonalis gen. et sp. nov., Otionellina sp. cf. O. exigua (Tenison Woods), Otionellina sp. cf. O. cupola (Tenison Woods), Tubiporella magna (Tenison Woods), Celleporaria nummularia (Tenison Woods), and an indeterminate species only found as moulds. This diversity and abundance is highest in the sediments representing the initial transgressive marine facies, where they occur in ‘sand fauna’ bryozoan assemblages (e.g. with Melicerita and Siphonicytara). Free-living bryozoans decrease up-section and are absent from latest Eocene sediments, indicating a significant environmental shift.

Rolf Schmidt [rschmid@museum.vic.gov.au], Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia; received 18.3.2005, revised 14.12.2005.