试论英国自由党的衰落

英国自由党的衰落是英国政治史上的一个大事 ,它历来是国外史学界研究的主要课题之一 ,但我国史学界对于这样一个重要的问题却很少有人进行研究。关于自由党的衰落问题国外有很多争论 ,争论的焦点集中在自由党衰落的时间和衰落的原因两个问题上。本文对这两个问题进行了探讨 ,提出了自由党是从 1 886年就开始衰落的观点 ,否认了自由党是在 2 0世纪初才开始衰落的流行说法 ;认为自由党的衰落则是由于英国经济的变化使自由党不能适应这个挑战和工党的兴起所导致。     

The Politics of Citizenship in 1940s Britain: The British Nationality Act

The article examines the enactment of the British NationalityAct, 1948. The legislation created a legal status—Citizenshipof the UK and Colonies—that included Britons and ‘colonial’British subjects under a single definition of British citizenship,and entrenched their right to enter the UK. Between 1948 and1962, some 500, 000 non-white British subjects entered underthe legislation, despite documented evidence of elite suspicionof non-white Commonwealth migration. The article argues thatthis apparent contradiction can only be understood by examiningthe legislation in the context of past migration patterns andBritain's international position in 1948. The legislation wasonly marginally related to migration; it was rather an attemptto maintain a uniform definition of subjecthood in the faceof Canada's unilateral introduction of its own citizenship,and it was an affirmation of Britain's place as head of a Commonwealthstructure founded on the relationship between the UK and theOld Dominions. ^* For comments on earlier drafts, I owe my thanks to John Dorwin,Katie Goebs, Iain McLean, and Desmond King.     

明治时期西方人的日本观探析——以小泉八云和张伯伦为例

小泉八云和张伯伦同样作为明治时期两大西方的日本研究家而知名,然而二者对明治日本的认识却截然不同。小泉八云将“有机的遗传”融入到自己的日本文化论中,认为日本人精神层面的优点来自其“祖先崇拜”,是一种“死者支配”的体现,并在此基础上进行了他的东洋礼赞和西洋批判。与此相对,张伯伦则是文化传播理论的支持者,他认为西方的优势文明必将取代日本落后的文明,是典型的西洋至上主义者。本文从比较文化论的角度,采取实证的方式,解析了明治时期两大日本人研究家——小泉八云和张伯伦的明治时期的日本认识迥异与成因。     

The Awkward Squad: Arts Graduates from British Tropical Africa Before 1940

ABSTRACT

Before the Second World War, most Africans from British Tropical Africa who studied abroad were seeking qualifications in three professions: law, medicine and the Church. In all these, they could be reasonably sure of employment on their return. True, government employment was problematic, but law and medicine did offer the alternative – often more lucrative – of private practice. Much more threatening to colonial authority were arts students: those who read philosophy, literature, politics or sociology. This article focuses on several men who graduated in Britain or the USA: Kobina Sekyi, J.B. Danquah, James Aggrey, Bankole Awoonor-Renner (Gold Coast); Eyo Ita, Nathaniel Fadipe, Nnamdi Azikiwe – and his (mostly Igbo) protégés (Nigeria); Hosea Nyabongo, Balamu Mukasa, Ernest Kalibala (Uganda); Peter Koinange (Kenya). It concludes by surveying the career of Nicholas Ballanta-Taylor (Sierra Leone), who studied music in New York and in 1927 won a fellowship from the Guggenheim Foundation for musicological research in Africa. Of these pioneer African Africanists, four wrote successful doctoral theses, Azikiwe published an academic study. Aggrey and Fadipe died prematurely. Danquah applied his intellect to essentially non-academic pursuits. Ballanta, worked as a practical musician in the 1930s, but his African research remains virtually unpublished.