“要X”类连词的语义性质

<正>受假设连词"要"这一核心语素的影响,"要是"、"要不是"、"要不"、"要不然"和"要么"都含有假设义,但程度、用法有同有异。其次"要X"类连词的语义     

读清华简《系年》札记

本文是研读清华大学藏战国竹书《系年》时,在释读方面的一些想法。如1号简"监观"应为一词;5~6号简中"王与伯盘"的"与"训为"亲"、"从",而不是连词;17号简"亡由"疑当读作"无胄";52号简的"莫"恐当训为"未"、"不",而不是"无人";91号简的"东母田"应读作"东海";101号简的""即"门",指攻打城门。     

西夏榷禁制度渊源考

西夏榷禁制度与唐、五代、北宋的榷禁制度关系密切,西夏"巡检"、"三司"、"栏头"、"群牧司"之名移植自五代、北宋。西夏榷盐价格基本与第五琦榷盐改革后税率相仿,榷盐根据不同产地、不同品种定价沿袭自五代定规;西夏榷曲告赏法借鉴自宋,收税职吏"栏头"与北宋后期的栏头更为接近;西夏畜牧榷禁中注籍、号印、禁杀牲畜规定的渊源可溯自唐代。总体而言,北宋榷禁是西夏榷禁制度的主要渊源。     

敦煌学视角下的西夏与周边民族关系研究——评《西夏与周边关系研究》

<正>杨富学先生与其弟子陈爱峰之新著《西夏与周边关系研究》由甘肃民族出版社于2012年出版。该书除前言外,内容分为上中下三编,选取西夏与周边民族关系研究的薄弱环节和空白点,论述西夏时代的丝路与商贸往来、西夏与周边民族的政治关系、宗教与文化交流诸问题。其中广泛利用了敦煌出土的西夏文献和敦煌学界的相关成果,对于西夏与丝路西段的民族关系着墨     

大安通宝为西夏铸币辩

大安西夏钱,为西夏惠宗李秉常大安年(1074—1084)铸,分为西夏文大安元宝和汉文大安通宝钱,后者为隶书之风格,前所见有背穿上仰月纹,大字版、直读、径25·1、穿7·5、厚1·3mm,青铜泛微黄,系内蒙林西县三道营子村窖藏发现。当时泉界轰动,泉坛前辈卫月望和吴宗信老先生所考证,此币风格、铸造工艺有西夏之气息,无辽币之风韵,定为西夏大安年铸西夏币;又者,清代孟麟《泉布统治》录一枚,也已经考大安通宝为西夏之物。从“大安通宝”的出土情况看,主要发现于西夏故地。除1981年内蒙古林西县三道营子窖藏出土一枚外,辽朝境内至今无第二枚出土。而西…     

河北大学博物馆藏西夏文铜牌考释

河北大学博物馆收藏有一枚西夏文铜牌,其正面刻有西夏文"残"(防守待命)4字,背面刻有西夏文"砌华"(跋狗契丹)4字,应属于西夏的守御牌。本文依据学术界的相关研究成果,对该铜牌的形状、尺寸、铭文等做了介绍与考证,以期推动西夏牌符问题的研究。     

《西夏文藏传佛教史料--“大手印”法经典研究》评介

《西夏文藏传佛教史料--"大手印"法经典研究》的主体部分是对将近30种佛教文献的解读和考释,包括五种"拙火修法剂门"、法狮子所传的"那若六法"、十九种"大手印法",以及《亥母耳传记》和《大印究竟要集》。本书指出这些佛教经典的西夏本与汉译藏密经典《大乘要道密集》中汉文本之关系,揭示了元代藏传佛教深刻的西夏背景,把西夏文献学的研究成果拓展到了佛教史领域。虽然该书有几例西夏字的通假现象作者未予指出,一些西夏偈颂的断句还有待商榷,但仍不失为一部成功的解读藏传西夏佛典的力作。     

佛教不是西夏“国教”论

若干年来,学术界流行一种观点,认为佛教是西夏"国教",更有甚者,认为藏传佛教也是西夏"国教"。这一观点向我们提出了三个问题:一、什么是"国教"?二、什么是藏传佛教?三、藏传佛教何时传入西夏?解决所谓"国教"问题,就得把这三个问题厘清。本文讨论什么是"国教"问题,并分别就佛教不是西夏"国教",藏传佛教更非西夏"国教"进行了研究,结论是所谓"国教"说不能成立。     

西夏语“头项”词义考

以往学界认为有关西夏汉文文献中的"头项"意为"头领、首领",也是西夏的一种军事组织,这一认识并不准确。传世汉文西夏文献中的"头项"乃是"头绪、种类"等义,而西夏文文献中的"头项"则是"事宜、事项"的意思,可以用作"同位语"。同一常用词在夏汉文本中词义的不对等,说明西夏语在词义衍生的思维模式层面与汉语是不一致的。     

宁夏首次出土篆书乾祐元宝

正2012年初,宁夏同心县农民掘土时发现一批西夏时期钱币窖藏,其中拣选出一枚篆书"乾祜元宝"(彩页5下图1)。在前人著录的西夏钱币中,汉文"乾祜元宝"仅见楷书与行书,未见篆书。篆书"乾祜元宝"为罕见的新品,是继篆书"光定元宝"后发现的第二种西夏篆书汉文钱,为西夏钱币增添了新品种,对研究西夏的历史、制度、文化等具有重要意义。这枚钱币直径25.4、厚1.5mm,重3.3g。四字均为篆书,旋读。文字纤细端庄,穿背     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF ISLAMIC POTTERY GLAZES FROM FUSTAT,EGYPT*

Lead isotope analyses have been undertaken on a group of Islamic lead‐glazed pottery artefacts from Fustat, Egypt, spanning the period from the eighth to the 14th century ad , that had previously been the subject of a comprehensive typological, chronological, petrographic and technological study. Comparison of the lead isotope ratios for the glazes with those for lead ores from Egypt, Iran, Tunisia, Anatolia, Greece, Sardinia and Spain provided information on the possible sources of the lead used in the production of the glazes. The results show that the lead used in glaze production by the Islamic potters at Fustat was most probably obtained from distant ore sources in Iran or Tunisia, Sardinia, Spain and the Taurus Mountains. Different ore sources were favoured in different periods and, to a limited extent, for different types of pottery, but at no time did the Fustat potters use the potentially more accessible Egyptian ore sources.     

Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin,S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov

Schmidt, R., March 2007. Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin, S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov. Alcheringa 31, 67-84. ISSN 0311-5518.

Free-living bryozoans are diverse in the Eocene sediments of the St. Vincent Basin, South Australia. They include Bonellina pentagonalis gen. et sp. nov., Otionellina sp. cf. O. exigua (Tenison Woods), Otionellina sp. cf. O. cupola (Tenison Woods), Tubiporella magna (Tenison Woods), Celleporaria nummularia (Tenison Woods), and an indeterminate species only found as moulds. This diversity and abundance is highest in the sediments representing the initial transgressive marine facies, where they occur in ‘sand fauna’ bryozoan assemblages (e.g. with Melicerita and Siphonicytara). Free-living bryozoans decrease up-section and are absent from latest Eocene sediments, indicating a significant environmental shift.

Rolf Schmidt [rschmid@museum.vic.gov.au], Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia; received 18.3.2005, revised 14.12.2005.