浅析戴维森哲学思想及其意蕴

本介绍了戴维森生平及主要学术贡献,围绕戴维森关于真理观、实在论和新实用主义观的阐述,探讨了其哲学思想在当代哲学发展中的重大理论意义,以及对语义哲学研完转向的影响。     

马克思的生态观与实现中国梦

马克思的生态观与实现中国梦,是中华民族的生命,文中对马克思的生态观的形成做了简要介绍,主要探讨了自然与人的关系、自然与社会的关系和科学与生态学的关系。文章论述了马克思的生态观与实现中国梦的问题,包括要转变观念尊重自然、要倡导科学精神和尊重自然规律、要重视科技的作用以及加大清洁生产力度发展循环经济。     

真理、信念与历史研究——兼说人类历史发展规律

1．什么是真理真理这个概念在《大英百科全书》中没有相应的条目。《微软大百科辞海》中有四种定义：相符即真理,有用即真理,普遍一致即真理和削减的真理论。这里的任何一种定义都不能令人信服,它们仅仅给出了一些似是而非的答案,导致许多人从根本上否认真理的存在。我国的《辞海》和《中国大百科全书·哲学卷》都对真理的概念作出了明确的解释。《辞海》称：真理是对客观事物及其规律的正确反映,同“谬误”相对。《中国大百科全书·哲学卷》称：真理是与谬误对立的认识论范畴,指认识主体对存在于意识之外、并且不以意识为转移的客观实在的规律性的正确反映。这两种定义的突出特点是,把真理确定为认识主体对客观事物的规律和规律性的正确反映,指明了真理在认识领域中所处的地位。     

关于美术理论建设的回顾与思考

自上个七十年代末期我国实施改革开放的国策以来,我国的国民经济发展就步入到了快速发展的列车轨道上来,而在国民经济快速发展的带动下,我国文化领域的建设也得到了飞速发展,大量的新思潮、新文化不断涌入。我们知道,真正的理论事业是科学的、严谨的、严肃的,而在通往真理的发展道路上,一切不科学的、不严肃的伪理论都会随着经济的发展、科学的发展、历史的发展而被淘汰。而我们今天所要讲的美术理论建设也要遵循这一真理的发展规律,才能为美术理论确立科学坐标体系的临界点。下面,我们来详细了解下。     

马克思主义社会生态观视角下的生态危机

马克思主义社会生态观是人与人和谐共处的社会生态观,它深刻揭示了生态危机的实质,分析了生态危机的阶级根源和社会根源,提出了解决生态危机和环境问题的根本途径,具有深远的前瞻性,至今闪烁着真理的光芒,对于人类解决目前的生态问题、生态危机,有着非常现实而有效的指导意义。     

解读邓小平的实践观

邓小平的实践观在中国革命和建设中不断发展的理论。在实践观的理论继承方面,邓小平重新确立了实践观的重要地位;科学阐述了实践标准的实质;强调理论与实践的相互关系。在实践过程中对理论发展方面,邓小平强调了实践第一、机遇与挑战并存,在改革继承和深化了马克思主义科学实践观理论,对中国社会主义现代化建设有着重要的指导意义。     

关于真理的几个问题新议

在实践唯物主义精神的指引下,遵循实践哲学的方法原则,正确对待真理的主观特征和主体本性,挖掘深藏其中的主观意蕴,是关乎真理论研究和发展方向的重大问题,是唯物主义反映论的基本要求。真理作为主体对客体的正确反映,即科学的理论,它包含认识和正确的认识两个规定性,简而言之,真理是特殊的认识。     

20世纪资源观述评

20世纪是科技革命的世纪,生态学、经济学、地球科学与环境科学等相关学科的发展和人口、资源、环境与发展问题的日益突出,为资源科学的诞生、发展和资源观的逐步形成和完善奠定了基础。20世纪的资源观经历了早期的人本位资源无限史观、中期的“资源有限论”和末期的资源持续利用史观的转变。可以断言,21世纪是一个以资源持续利用为特征的可持续发展时代,探索资源可持续利用与社会经济协调发展是资源科学永恒的主题。     

渠清如许自有源:帛书《黄帝四经》中的科学发展思想

作为早期黄老道家的重要文献,帛书《黄帝四经》中蕴含了丰富的科学发展思想,主要涉及民本观、规律观、能动观、治国观和社会观等方面。研究《黄帝四经》中蕴含的科学发展思想,有助于从一个新的视角认识《黄帝四经》这部经典文献,也有助于呈现古今科学发展思想的内在联系。     

毛泽东实践观与葛兰西实践观之比较

毛泽东的实践观和葛兰西的实践观在反对教条式理解马克思主义、提倡人的能动性和对人的本质看法这三方面有着相似之处,但在自然物质世界的地位和真理标准的问题上则有着本质的区别。本文从以上几方面对毛泽东实践观和葛兰西实践观的比较作初步的探索。     

何炳松的相对主义史学思想辨证

何炳松指出历史学与自然科学在研究方法、研究目的和研究对象上均有很大不同,由此得出历史学是一门主观推理的学问,历史学不必像自然科学那样寻求历史发展的因果规律,历史认识会随时代的变化而变化,体现了历史相对主义的思想特征。另一方面,他指出,历史学与自然科学都旨在求真,历史学为了求得历史真相,必须在充分搜集史料的基础上,对史料进行科学的考订和分析,然后用科学的方法进行编撰,这又是一种实证史学的方法论。因此,简单将他定位为中国现代相对主义史学家是片面的。     

THE EMPIRE OF THE FUTURE

This rich collection analyzes science in the archives over the past several thousand years. The chapters work together to tell stories of ambitious attempts to provide timeless data for science, which will be used for generations to come—ranging from ancient astronomy to geology to life‐logging and the development of web search. They also demonstrate convincingly that archives are powerful forces across the sciences—every science discussed has an archival base—which partly determine what kind of general knowledge claims can be made by future generations: it is hard to read an archive askance. The collection works best as a series of individual chapters, though some work is done to indicate where they speak to one another. It is a pity that there was not more input from archivists themselves in the project: their noninclusion means that some archival issues (especially what goes on with data after it gets into the archive—how it gets cleaned up, changed, reorganized) are treated somewhat lightly. The collection does provide a very useful set of tools for thinking about scientific archives. It is also an excellent introduction to the peculiarities of scientific archives—one that reflects back on the use of archives in history in general.     

OPACITY AND TRANSPARENCY IN HISTORICAL REPRESENTATIONS

In his latest book Frank Ankersmit develops a comprehensive philosophical perspective on the problem of the truth and reference of historical representations. The approach and the wider perspective of the book largely belong to what could be called the postmodernist paradigm, in spite of some recent attempts to interpret Ankersmit's recent work differently. Since his 1983 Narrative Logic Ankersmit has propounded the view that individual statements that constitute historical representations may have reference, but that representations themselves do not. His most recent book remains faithful to this position and elaborates it further. This essay examines Ankersmit's arguments as well as the assumptions and implications of this view.     

Placing the View from Nowhere: Historical and Sociological Problems in the Location of Science

Over the past two decades broadly geographical sensibilities have become prominent in the academic study of science. An account is given of tensions in science studies between transcendentalist conceptions of truth and emerging localist perspectives on the making, meaning and evaluation of scientific knowledge. The efficient spread of scientific knowledge is not a phenomenon that argues against the applicability of geographical sensibilities towards science but actually calls for an even more vigorous project in the geography of knowledge.     

Im Blickwinkel der Technik: Neue Verhältnisse von Wissenschaftstheorie und Wissenschaftsgeschichte

Changing Perspectives – From the Experimental to the Technological Turn in History and Philosophy of Science. In the 1960s the philosophy of science was transformed through the encounter with the history of science, resulting in a collaborative venture by the name of “History and Philosophy of Science” (HPS). Philosophy of science adopted ever more regularly the format of the case study to reconstruct certain episodes from the history of science, and historians were mostly interested in the production of scientific knowledge. The so‐called “experimental turn” of the 1980s owed to this interaction between philosophy and history. Its guiding question remained quite traditional, however, namely “How do the sciences achieve an agreement between representation and reality?” Only the answers to this question broke with tradition by focusing not on theory but on the role of instruments and experiments. – Roughly 30 years after the experimental turn, another transformative encounter appears to be taking place. HPS is being transformed in the encounter with philosophy of technology. From the point of view of philosophy of technology, the question does not arise whether and how the agreement of mind and world, representation and reality can be achieved. When things are constructed, built or made, human thinking and physical materiality are inseparably intertwined. Instead of seeking to describe a mind‐independent reality, technoscientific researchers are working to acquire and demonstrate capabilities of experimental or predictive control. When science is regarded as a kind of technology, a program of study opens up for epistemology and so do avenues for the historiography of science. History of science might now show how the problems and procedures of the sciences arise from and impinge back upon a world that is itself a product of science and technology. It thereby abandons its traditional HPS niche existence and joins forces with environmental history, history of technology, social, labor, and consumer history.     

Academic travel from Cambridge University and the formation of centres of knowledge, 1885–1954

This paper draws attention to academic travel as a key issue in the geographies of knowledge, science and higher education. Building upon recent work in science studies and geography, it is argued that academic travel reveals the wider geography of scientific work and thus of the knowledge and networks involved. By examining academic travel from Cambridge University in the period 1885 to 1954, the study clarifies its role in the development of Cambridge as a modern research university, the emergence of global knowledge centres elsewhere and the development of an Anglo-American academic hegemony in the twentieth century. Using unpublished archival data on all recorded applications for leave of absence by Cambridge University Teaching Officers, it is further explored how the global geographies of academic travel varied among different types of work, thereby exposing distinct hierarchies of spaces of knowledge production and sites of study.     

Partisans and the Use of Knowledge versus Science

This paper explores the kind of knowledge that partisans profess in order to contribute to our studies of what has usually been thought of as the “denial of science.” Building on the research of Robert Proctor, Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway, I show that the tobacco interests and climate science skeptics usually described as “doubt mongers” also purveyed forms of certainty and rested their arguments on three different registers of truth: that of narrowly defined “facts” that could sustain a controversy, ideological commitments to free enterprise, and the truths of self‐conscious partisans engaged in battle. Thus, in many respects they have used elements of general knowledge, as well as social, economic and political commitments, to argue against specific scientific findings. Further, at least in the case of climate skeptics, this denial has been in the service of an image of the nature of science and its proper relation to politics. Analyzing significant dichotomies in debates that cross the terrains of science and politics, and knowledge and science, I will argue that a clear articulation of the relations amongst them will be critical to our work to understand the character of climate science denial, but also of the climate sciences themselves.     

我国的区域经济地理研究与区域经济地理学

区域经济地理学在我国是一个受到特别重视的地理学的一个研究方向,文章讨论了西方和苏联地理学中区域经济地理学的发展情况,和在我国得到特别发展的条件,认为与中国的社会经济体制、改革开放以后地方经济的发展有特别的关系。文章对区域经济地理学学科的发展做了回顾,列举了这个学科在基础理论上的有代表性的成果,认为它已经形成了自己的理论体系,即包括劳动地域分工、经济地域运动和中国社会主义市场经济条件下经济区域化等。文章认为,我国丰富的区域经济生活实践将推动学科进一步发展,并提出了学科在跨学科方向上的发展趋势。     

另一角度考察的思考--西方研究当代中国史的一些问题

研究历史,特别是20世纪的世界各国史,国际环境的影响往往是巨大的.因此,加强国际间的学术交流,不仅是当今史学研究的时代特征,也是历史发展大趋势的刚性要求.不同国别、环境的历史亲历者之间的交流,有助于客观地了解历史的真实的面貌;不同资料、档案、文献的交流可以发挥互补作用,有助于了解历史面貌的全面性和完整性,也有助于在比较中去伪存真;不同学术观点的交流和交锋,有助于研究方法和思维方式的多样性、灵活性和科学性.既然是不同角度的考察,差异就是难免的.就拿西方研究当代中国史的一些情况来看,角度不同、观点不同、立场不同,对同一历史事件的分析和结论,往往差异很大,甚至完全相反.也许正是这种意识形态的不同,才更是需要国际学术合作与交流的一个重要理由.     

当代中国史研究中的文献史料问题

当代中国史研究需要搜集、整理、考证和利用文献史料。搜集史料要求“全”,整理史料要求“实”,考证史料要求“真”,利用史料要求“准”,这些直接关系到所出研究成果的科学水平和学术质量。当代中国史文献史料类型多种,既包括有关的文件和档案、文集和文稿、报纸和新闻稿、定期刊物、纪实和回忆、资料汇编,又涉及地方史志、史学史料、国外资料、批判研究资料。就此文献史料进行马克思主义的历史考察和具体分析,可加深对其真实性、政治性和现实性的认识。建国后,学术界十分重视当代中国史文献史料工作:搜集相当广泛,整理比较系统,考证多有创新,利用成效显著。倘能对此丰富实践继续给予理论上的总结,无论对于当代中国史文献史料学的学科建设,乃至当代中国史研究的深入和发展,都具有一定的理论意义和实践价值。