清初内扎萨克旗的建立问题

清初内扎萨克旗的建立问题达力扎布盟旗制度是清朝用来统治和管理蒙古地区的主要制度,其中扎萨克旗是盟旗制度的核心,也是清代蒙古最基本的军事和行政单位。扎萨克旗制度最初建立于漠南蒙古,至康熙年间增至四十九旗。清代称之为内扎萨克旗或内扎萨克蒙古,简称内蒙古。...     

阿勒巴体制下清代内蒙古喀喇沁地区社会结构——以喀喇沁右翼旗为例

随着清代扎萨克旗衙门档案的公开,研究者们已经逐渐注意到,清代蒙古社会中"鄂托克(otuγ)"与"苏木(sumu)"并存的双重结构的特点,前者是由孛儿只斤氏贵族集团"巴噶(baγ)"及其属民所构成的传统蒙古社会的组织,后者则是清朝为统治蒙古而编设的组织。目前对于两者之间互动关系的研究则略显薄弱。本文尝试以"阿勒巴(alba)"为切入点,以清代喀喇沁右翼旗为例,探讨上述两套组织的并存原理、运行机制及相互关系。     

八旗制度概述

过去民间曾流行一句谚语:“不分满汉,但问民旗。”也就是说,清代社会主要由民人社会和旗人社会两部分组成。当然,如果细分起来,旗人社会有满蒙汉的差别,而民人社会就更复杂了。所谓旗人即入八旗之人,民人即未入旗之人。八旗与有清一代相始终,作为社会组织和典章制度,在清代政治生活和社会生活中起过重要的作用,对清王朝的建立、发展和     

丝路沿线的民族交融:占星家与乌珠穆沁部

蒙元时期的丝绸之路比前代都漫长,沿线地区诸民族之间的文化交流和民族交融十分活跃。来自阿拉伯、波斯和中亚等西域占星家们不仅为蒙元王朝带来了西方的天文学知识,他们及其家族也最终融入蒙古民族共同体中。元廷退回蒙古草原后,他们进一步蒙古化和游牧化,逐渐成为明代蒙古乌珠穆沁部的组成部分。"乌珠穆沁"汉译为"阴阳",指占星者。此外,还有不少信仰也里可温教的人众和被称作"撒儿塔兀勒"的西域人加入乌珠穆沁部。明代乌珠穆沁是由西域人和蒙古各部组成的新部族。到清代,乌珠穆沁部被编为左、右两个扎萨克旗,旗里各级行政组织名称仍然保留其历史上不同族群、部族的旧名称。从西方占星者到蒙古游牧部族的一员,是丝绸之路沿线民族融合和不同文化交汇交融中非常典型的一例。     

论嘉道以前的东北旗地

旗地是清代一种特殊的土地制度,是八旗制度的基础,分布于京畿和东北地区。它包括皇庄、王庄、官庄、八旗官兵的土地(即一般旗地)。一般旗地在旗地中的比重很大,具有代表性。搞清楚东北一般旗地所有制关系及其变化,对于研究清代入关前后的社会制度、八旗制度、八旗土地制度的性质及东北土地所有制关系等问题都有重要意义。     

从游牧社会发现历史:清代卫拉特蒙古政治地理空间观念表象史研究

本文坚持作者长期主张的"从游牧社会发现历史"的研究路径,从表象史的角度对卫拉特蒙古在清代前期的政治地理空间观念进行探讨,从各种侧面的文献的言说缝隙中捕捉其被强势话语所遮蔽的某些微弱声音。作者认为:作为游牧民族的准噶尔人的疆域观具有自己持续强烈的思维定式,游牧社会中原始的地点漂泊不定与"非地域化"现代性不可同日而语。划定旗地在蒙古社会历史乃至整个东亚历史上具有至为深远的意义,对蒙古民族的疆域空间观念的变化具有深刻的影响。     

黑河市富察哈拉满文家谱调查——江东六十四屯后人叙事缩影

本文是对黑龙江富察哈拉满文家谱的补充调查,黑河市四嘉子乡大乌斯力村富察哈拉祖孙三代讲述了家族萨满祭祀、家族历史及家谱保藏等情况。富察哈拉的家族史是当时黑龙江流域满洲普通旗民生活的缩影,是清代黑龙江流域普通旗民社会史的真实反映。     

《喀喇沁左翼旗乌梁海氏家谱》评介

杨丰陌主编《喀喇沁左翼旗乌梁海氏家谱》一书由辽宁民族出版社于2003年9月出版。据此书《后记》介绍,这部家谱是由该旗末代扎萨克默尔庚额(1919-1943)之妻刘氏于上世纪五十年代献给喀喇沁左翼旗人民政府的,同时献扎萨克印章一颗,由该旗档案馆接收和保管。这部《喀喇沁左翼旗乌梁海氏家谱》(以下简称《喀左旗家谱》)全面记录了清代喀喇沁左翼旗扎萨克家族世系,包括扎萨克王公、一至四等塔布囊的授予和承袭情况、家族内各支系的世代传承、人口繁衍、出家当喇嘛人数、在朝廷任官以及与清朝皇族联姻情况等,对于研究喀喇沁左翼蒙古族自治县地方史、研究清代蒙古政治史和社会史都有一定参考价值。为使家谱完好地传世和给学术研究提供方     

近三十年来东北地区八旗驻防研究综述

近三十年来,中国东北作旗驻防问题一直受到国内外学术界的广泛关注,研究成果十分丰富,本文从东北地区八旗驻防研究的发展、清代东北地区驻防机构的建制与沿革、东北地区少数民族的编旗驻防、东北驻防旗人的生计与驻防旗地四个方面叙述了学界取得的可喜成绩.     

简论清代旗人出旗

八旗既是清代重要的军事组织,也是重要的社会组织。它既以旗统兵,又以旗统人,编入八旗的人户称为"旗人",也称为"旗下人"。在清代,旗籍对于旗人来说极为重要,取消旗籍也就意味着旗人身份的豁出。     

Advances in Morphometrics in Archaeobotany

ABSTRACT

Morphometric analysis offers an alternative or augmentation to traditional archaeobotanical methods to address differences within and between plant species and their remains, refining and enhancing taxonomic resolution. Morphometrics, the measurement of size and shape, and the multivariate statistical analysis of generated quantitative variables, have long played a major role in biological research, including plant taxonomy and systematics, although its application in archaeobotany is relatively recent. Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the use of morphometrics for analysing a varied range of archaeological plant materials (mainly seeds, pollen, phytoliths, and starch grains). In particular, morphometrics have contributed to the study of the domestication and spread of many cereals world-wide, as well as that of other taxa including legumes, underground storage organs (USO), and fruits (such as olives, grapes, and dates). This paper reviews current methodologies, recent applications, and advances in the use of morphometrics in archaeobotanical research, discusses its role in exploring major research questions, and suggests possible future directions for its use.     

杏开二月

已经是二月仲春了,大地柔软,天气慢慢热起来了。一场习习的春雨,浇得人心头酥酥的。我第一次注意到,家门前的杏树开了。枝干上,星星点点,挑着几朵白,轻盈得很,把薄薄的心打开,驻足美的枝头,观赏人间烟火。背后是灰灰的庭院,低矮的     

Geography in Higher Education in Australia

Within the last 30 years, geographical information systems (GIS) have been used increasingly in the training of geographers. On the basis of the philosophy of technology and instrumental genesis, we sketch how the use of instruments interacts with learning processes and outline how this can be studied. We empirically analyse students' learning processes and the influences of teaching practice in an introductory course in GIS. We show that students have different strategies for creating their personal instrument for spatial thinking and how teaching interacts with the students' learning processes. Finally, we discuss how GIS may gradually alter future professional development of geographers.     

America in Speech and in Deed

The author's primary aim in what follows is to fully articulate Chantal Delsol's critique of late modern universalism as an attempt to depoliticize the individual for the sake of replacing politics with morality. The result of this depoliticization is a quasi-pantheistic cosmopolitanism that not only effectively denies the significance of individuality, despite rhetorically lionizing it, but also undercuts the freedom of individual conscience that makes moral choice possible. Genuine political prudence and moral judgment are subsequently replaced by the rigid exactitude of a technocratic analysis that reintroduces the "clandestine ideology" it was, despite protestations to the contrary, intended to eliminate. The unhappy paradox produced by the attempt to replace the necessary limitations of political judgment with the universality of a priori moral decree is that a new set of culturally and historically idiosyncratic political attachments are surreptitiously introduced beyond the pale of reasonable debate and disagreement. Delsol's measured response is not a precipitous rejection of universalism as such but a rehabilitation of it that recaptures the Christian moral realism at its core.     

Tibetan-Inhabited Area in Deqen in Development

Deqen, honored as “Shangri La”,is located in the area where three rivers meet to form one in the Henduan Mountains straddling the borders of Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet. The Deqen Tibetan Ethnic Group Autonomous Prefecture, founded in September 1957, is the only Tibetan autonomous prefecture in Yunnan Province but one of 10 in the