宋元宗族谱系的构造——以徽州程氏为例

中国近世谱形成于宋元时期,以族谱为其主要形式,文章以徽州程氏族谱为例,对宋元时期宗族谱系的构造进行分析。徽州程氏族谱可分为本宗谱和氏族谱两部分,两种谱系是建立在族与氏族区别的基础上,以名族为本位结合在一起。本宗谱系的构造特点是宋元时期族亲属关系的反映。氏族谱系则是追溯姓氏来源,通过神祖祖先的历史化和世系化,确立氏族的名族地位。     

程敏政统宗谱法与徽州谱法发展

明成化年间程敏政纂修《新安程氏统宗世谱》为徽州谱法以及谱系文化发展的标志性事件,其谱法既强调谱系文献考证的意义,又强调世家统宗的宗法收族主张,对徽州谱法以及谱系文化的发展影响甚大。正是在对程敏政统宗谱法的讨论与批评中,徽州宗族形成了以统宗收族为根本、以存疑存阙为史法的徽州谱法。     

二程家族与徽州关系考

程颢、程颐祖先可靠的世系是从五代开始的,与徽州程氏的联系相当模糊。从宋代开始,徽州学者和程氏宗族为证明二程为徽州程氏所出,进行了大量的文献考证与谱牒编纂工作,但没有得出为众所公认的结论。二程后裔自宋末南迁后,逐渐与徽州程氏建立了密切联系,但直到明代晚期,在徽州程氏强盛而二程后裔衰微的情况下,二程后裔开始承认祖先为徽州程氏所出,并以此编纂族谱。这为明清时期徽州程朱阙里的创建提供了重要基础。二程家族与徽州关系的变迁历程,是中国传统社会中重建家族早期历史的生动体现。     

徽州私撰家谱与公修族谱的差异

祠堂、族谱、族田是近世家族制度的三项标志.明中叶,近世家族制度形成以后,宗族设立谱局修谱成为纂修族谱的主要形式,但也还存在个人撰写家谱的现象.设立谱局修谱为公修族谱,个人撰写家谱为私撰家谱.本文主要从规模、篇幅与流传形式,体例与内容,记载内容的真实性三个方面,对徽州私撰家谱与公修族谱之间的差异进行比较研究.     

曹操家族世系新考

曹操家族精心构建了家族的谱系,强调其自身所具有的曹参后裔身份和秦汉大族地位。综合比较、分析现存的几种曹操家族谱系文本可以看出,其内容一方面与两汉时期曹参家族的活动轨迹并不相符,尤其是缺少了家族迁徙的关键记忆;另一方面也与曹操家族真实的宗族状况相距甚远。这些矛盾都和曹操家族有意攀附祖先的行为有关。谱系书写是中古时期极为重要的知识资源,紧密关联着大族的政治和经济利益。曹操家族先后多次改易家族谱系文本即是为了迎合社会需要,表明汉末门第观念和贵族文化自觉的加强。值得注意的是,攀附祖先的谱系文本中混杂了来自官方旧有和民间新造的姓氏学知识。     

俗说俗物 族谱

正在乡间,族谱是庄重的话题,能读懂老辈人用文言文写的谱序、谱跋的人,往往很受尊重。族谱讲究"尊祖敬宗",追念"水源木本",向列祖列宗致敬,寄寓着国民祖先崇拜的深切情怀。期许诗书礼仪传家,怎么可以没有族谱呢?根据族谱所用材质之不同,民间有"硬谱""软谱"与"纸谱"的说法。所谓"硬谱",即将家族谱系镌刻于石材,好处是不易破坏,缺点则是费工费钱且容量有限。所谓"软谱",即在布帛上书写,展开即可查阅,阅后卷好存放,方便多了。不过,族谱还是以白纸黑字、印制     

清代河北族谱的纂修

清代是河北族谱获得长足发展的时期,其修谱理念、纂修、续修及收存情况等都能很好地说明河北纂修族谱的家族范围在扩大,修谱思想在深化。     

程敏政“冒祖附族”说考辨

自程敏政统宗谱刊梓之后,徽州程氏一直就存在着程敏政"冒祖附族"的种种说法,程敏政伪造近祖谱系似不能成立,他主要是用氏族家法构造了远祖谱系.程敏政"冒祖附族"说的产生与广泛流传有其社会原因,这就是徽州程氏的各宗支,为了维护祖先崇拜信仰、宗族凝聚力以及宗族地位,反对程敏政修改其早期祖先谱系.     

15世纪的朝鲜族谱

15世纪为朝鲜族谱纂修的早期,当时的族谱主要是记载父系与母系的内外八寸谱,保留民族传统。朝鲜族谱是高丽时期修谱的继续,15世纪修谱已经比较普遍。新发现了15世纪族谱的形式,进而加深了对于“内外谱”的认识。广州安氏谱内外分别,已经有明确的书写原则。一是记庶孽（妾子妾女）于嫡女之后,二是将公私贱隶无婚姻关系所生男女“直书名于卷之末”。朝鲜族谱的修谱思想来自于中国儒家特别是宋儒的主张,引用宋儒苏洵修谱思想比较多。谱序作者多为本族士大夫,修谱具有士大夫的特性。     

民国谱书散记

谱牒、多称家谱或族谱,也有称为家乘、宗谱、支谱、家牒、家史、宗系谱等名称的。民国时期的谱书,大都沿用上述通行的名称,然而也有别撰名目的。民国年间袁牖的《数典不忘》、丁元锡等修的《丁氏真谱》、钮永建等修的《黄钮同宗谱》,就是不同寻常地为自己的家族谱书命名的。他们另辟蹊经的原因,或为标新立异,新人耳目;或为实情所使,只得如此。 谱书的纂修,一般20年或30年一次。因民国历时甚短,一个宗族仅修了一、二次谱。修谱之时,按照惯例,先调查前次修谱以来宗族内存殁及生育人名,以及其出生年月日,并悉数予以登记。其后请文人执笔编纂,最后刻版印刷,完成后交各房保管。各房领谱时,宗族要摆筵庆贺,附近的宗族甚至官府都要送     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.