几件银饰漆器金属表面蓝灰色现象的研究

银作为重要髹饰材料，广泛用于各种银饰漆器中，但银饰部分常呈蓝灰色。为究其原因，本研究通过扫描电镜-能谱、X射线衍射等技术对收藏于故宫博物院的明代彩漆描金柜等文物上变色的银饰部分进行分析，并对蓝灰色物质的生成机理进行了探讨。结果表明表层蓝灰色物质主要组成元素是银、硫和氯，主要物相是螺硫银矿(Ag₂S)或螺硫银矿和角银矿(AgCl)的混合物。明代彩漆描金柜的蓝灰色银片结构复杂，蓝灰色物质除有部分为自然形成的腐蚀产物，还有部分明显是人为制作的涂层，其工艺可能类似于西方的“乌银”工艺。此研究结果为银饰漆器类文物的保护修复研究提供重要理论依据。     

鋄金工艺制作初探

鋄金工艺是中国传统的金工技艺,主要是用金银镶嵌于铁器、兵器表面,装饰效果华丽精美,是皇室的地位和权力象征。鋄金工艺传入日本,名为布目象嵌,使用的材料和器型更为广泛。本文以故宫博物院藏铜镶铁鋄金五宝锉的修复保护为基础,深入研究中国传统鋄金工艺和日本布目象嵌工艺,探讨两者工艺制作上的差别。     

战国古器物装饰中的纺织纹样

<正>约从公元前六世纪起,中国青铜器的装饰开始发生根本性的变化,其中最为重要的变革是铜、金、绿松石镶嵌工艺的引入,稍晚还出现了银。正如诸多学者所观察到的,镶嵌工艺使原本色调单一的物质媒介变得丰富多彩。而且镶嵌风格也罕见模仿传统的铜器装饰,相反,它们似乎是从其他媒介获取了灵感。公元前六世纪至前五世纪画像纹青铜     

汉代木胎鎏金银青铜瓶制作工艺探讨

年在山西打击文物犯罪专项行动中,追缴回一件汉代鎏金银青铜瓶,瓶内为一层木质内壁,是一件结合了木胎掏刻、分体铸造及鎏金银工艺的珍贵文物。 利用超景深视频显微镜对铜瓶表面及内层木胎进行表面形貌的显微观察,以获得制作过程遗留的微观痕迹;X射线探伤对铜瓶整体进行透视拍照,更准确地观察其内部构造;X射线荧光光谱分析技术对铜瓶外表面足部、腹部及颈部等关键部位进行合金成分分析,以确定其外表面装饰工艺,并以此还原其完整制作过程。结果表明,铜瓶为分体铸造工艺,流程为制模、制芯、制泥质外范、铸造、掏刻木胎、套装和鎏金银。铜瓶为上下两部分,中间以铜箍上子母扣的方式结合在一起;铜瓶本体材质为锡青铜,外表面金色部位为鎏金工艺,银白色部位为基于金层的鎏银工艺;瓶内的木胎为整块木材掏刻制成,而非拼接。 本工作选取了形制与工艺均较罕见的木胎鎏金银铜瓶,完整解释其工艺流程,结合青铜工艺发展史对研究结果进行印证,为此类工艺复杂且形制罕见的青铜酒器的保护修复提供了科学依据。     

青铜镶嵌工艺概述

所谓青铜镶嵌工艺,即在青铜器物上镶嵌各种不同的物件作为装饰纹样,如嵌松石、玉石、赤铜、金、银、水晶、宝石等等。本文着重谈谈在青铜器上镶嵌赤铜和金、银纹饰及其工艺过程。     

湖北襄樊魏晋早期墓出土釦(扣)器之涂金工艺研究

古文献记载釦器分为金扣、银扣和铜扣漆器,但对于涂金工艺研究尚有不足。本文主要利用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和金相显微镜等仪器对漆器壶的扣器进行分析,从而揭示其涂金工艺。实验结果表明:该墓出土的木胎扣器是一件涂金铜扣器,金属扣基体是用红铜铸后热锻而成,表面装饰的金层是利用金汞齐法涂抹上去的。     

故宫藏清代铜嵌银如意的科学修复保护

本文作者修复保护了一件故宫博物院所藏铜胎嵌银如意,通过查阅文物的背景资料及保存现状,使用X射线荧光能谱分析和X射线衍射分析方法对如意的基体和装饰材质以及表面锈蚀产物进行了观察与成分分析,并根据器物检测分析的结果及病害特点与文物保护相关原则,制定了有针对性的修复保护方法,实施效果较为满意。此外,检测分析还加深了我们对如意及其制作工艺的深入了解。     

重庆忠县翠屏山崖墓群出土晋代金银器的分析研究

利用微聚焦能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪(EDXRF)、拉曼光谱仪(RS)、X射线电子能谱仪(XPS)等无损分析法,对重庆忠县翠屏山崖墓出土金银器的基体成分、表面腐蚀物成分以及其物相结构进行了系统的分析测试。结果表明:两个金器样品的含金量均高达90%,纯度较高。此外,还含有一定含量的银、铜、锌、镍、铷等杂质元素;银器中,大多数样品含银量高达97.38~98.85%,同时还含有少量硫、铬、镍、锌、金等杂质元素;银器表面附着的黑色的腐蚀物,经鉴定为Ag2S,红褐色腐蚀物的物相结构为Cu2O;值得关注的是,有一个银器样品含银95.2%,含铜3.19%,应为铜银合金,此结果对于探讨我国古代银铜合金技术发展与演变的研究,具有非常重要的意义。     

陈列银币变色原因初步分析

为了探讨博物馆内陈列银币经常出现的表面失去光泽甚至变暗变黑的原因,采用离子色谱、X荧光光谱等方法分析变色银币清洗液成分,并对博物馆周边环境空气和颗粒物进行检测。结果表明,Cl-、NO2-、NO3-、SO42-等无机离子主要来源于环境空气,甲酸和乙酸主要来源于陈列用装饰材料。采用电子能谱、扫描电镜等分析手段对银试片表面黑色物质进行分析,发现其主要元素为碳、氧、硫,其中硫分布较深,说明黑色物质除了硫化物外还存在氧化物;进一步采用红外光谱分析发现,发黑处有明显的碳氢吸收,说明发黑银试片表面除了无机物外还存在含碳有机物,可解释扫描电镜和电子能谱中检测到碳的原因。通过模拟实验比较了空气质量、相对湿度、光源和光照等因素对银变色所起作用表明,在空气质量较差的情况下,光照强度差异几乎与银变色程度无关。在标准空气中相对湿度100%下银依旧不变色,说明在空气质量、光照度与相对湿度中,空气质量是影响银变色的主要因素。实验结果和银化合物的化学性质的结合解释了银与各种污染离子作用最终转化为稳定硫化银的原因。实验结果为制定银质文物保护环境要求和改造方案提供了依据。     

湖南桃源出土战国彩绘陶器的科学分析

为研究湖南桃源县战国楚墓出土彩绘陶器的组成结构及保存现状,采用能量色散X射线荧光光谱法(EDXRF)、扫描电镜-能谱法(SEM-EDS)、X射线衍射法(XRD)和激光拉曼光谱法(LRS)等手段对陶器胎体成分、表面彩绘、金属涂层等进行分析检测。结果表明:这批彩绘陶器胎体成分相近,为普通易熔黏土。彩绘陶器表面的红色颜料为朱砂(HgS),黑色颜料为炭黑(C)。在彩绘陶壶、陶鼎和陶敦表面发现金属涂层装饰,通过扫描电镜能谱和X射线衍射分析,确定涂层为单质锡,属于锡涂陶的范畴。同时红外光谱测试显示锡层内面棕黑色物质为生漆,可能混合其他胶结材料。以上结果为研究战国时期彩绘陶器,特别是锡涂陶的制作工艺及发展提供了新的资料。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.