叶家山曾侯墓地出土晚商青铜器组科技分析研究

叶家山晚商青铜器组多数器物上有族氏铭文,对研究商代晚期青铜器流通、商末周初青铜器矿料利用规律和西周早期青铜器“分器”制度具有重要价值。研究结果表明,这批器物有铸造和铸后受热两种组织形态;合金类型以铅锡青铜为主,另有少量锡青铜和铅青铜;这批器物使用的一部分铜料、铅料与曾国铜器和殷墟四期铜器相同,表明商代晚期开发使用的一部分矿料到西周早期还在继续使用中,而商晚期“锡料来源紧缺”,但西周早期曾国铜器锡料供应充足,这些锡料是晚商已开采使用后来被周人掌控,还是周人新开发的,亦需深入研究。     

岳阳商代遗址出土铜器及炉渣的分析研究

湖南宁乡出土的商末周初青铜器来源问题是学界研究的重点,岳阳商代遗址中发现的铜器及炉渣可为探讨这一问题提供重要线索。本文对岳阳铜鼓山等四处商代遗址出土的铜器及炉渣进行了金相观察、成分测试与铅同位素分析。结果表明铜鼓山遗址的铜器与盘龙城、郑州商城铜器在合金技术与矿料来源上具有较高的一致性,铜鼓山作为盘龙城的次级军事据点,铜器或铸铜原料可能直接来自盘龙城。樟树潭遗址发现的锡青铜熔炼渣表明岳阳地区最晚在二里岗晚期即开始了青铜器生产,所用的高放射成因铅金属资源表明其青铜器生产是在商王朝的资源流通分配体系下进行的。     

周原孔头沟遗址宋家墓地铜器的科学分析与研究

孔头沟遗址宋家墓地是周原地区西周时期一处重要的非姬姓贵族墓葬。本研究对宋家墓地出土的56件铜器进行了金相分析,并对其中34件进行了电子探针波谱分析。分析结果显示,宋家墓地青铜器全部为锡青铜或铅锡青铜,其中锡青铜比例较大,而器物铅含量整体偏低。本次分析的铜器中有两件经过表面镀锡,多件薄壁器物为热锻成型。热锻器物铅含量水平整体低于铸造器物,其基体中夹杂物含量较少,铁、硫含量低于铸造器物及孔头沟铸铜遗址铜块。这一现象显示制作这些铜器的原料可能经过有意识地火法精炼,并在配置合金时不引入铅,以使材料更加适宜锻打。总体看来,宋家墓地铜器的多项工艺与材质特征都显示其青铜制作技术体系较为独特,可能与其他西周时期铜器群存在一定差异,需要进一步结合墓葬的考古学文化背景进行研究。     

商中期青铜容器分期初识

一、问题的提出商代的考古学文化,目前考古界一般认为分早,中、晚三期。早期以二里头晚期文化为代表,中期以二里岗文化为代表,晚期以殷墟文化为代表。本文采用该种分期法。商代出土的青铜容器百分之九十以上是属晚期的。最早确定为商中期的铜器墓是辉县琉璃阁商代遗址中。此后相继在河南郑州、湖北盘龙城均有发现,至今为止已发现商中期青铜容器的还有山西、陕西、河北、北京等地。对于商中期的青铜器研究正是随着不断的发现,而不断深入的。     

关于叶家山青铜器铅同位素比值研究的几个问题

铅同位素研究显示,叶家山曾国铜器(有曾国族属铭文者)铅料可能有两种来源,其中大多数铅锡合金的铅同位素特征与东秦岭地区铅矿有较高重合度;铜料来源尚难以确认,但与大冶铜绿山古矿区铜矿的铅同位素数据更为接近;其他族属铜器中,有使用与曾国铜器相同原料的情况,其他器物的数据则与之存在差异;商代风格器物中,多数为先周时期制作,个别器物的成器年代则已进入西周时期。本文通过与周邻地区青铜文化的比较,探讨了西周时期不同地区之间存在的青铜技术与文化联系及相互影响。论文指出,周王室对青铜物料资源进行了集中管控和配置,在周王室统筹下开展青铜冶铸生产并分配给各诸侯国,是这一时期青铜工业生产体系的主要形式。本文研究结果,还为深入认识曾国与其他族群或方国间关系、商末周初铸铜产业发展、西周青铜工业生产组织等提供了重要参考。     

洛阳北窑西周墓出土青铜器科技分析研究

本文对洛阳北窑西周墓地出土青铜器进行科技分析。结果表明,北窑墓地出土西周铜器的锡料用量与殷墟二期铜器相当,其锡料来源充足,暗示西周早期,周贵族能够控制和使用稳定的锡料矿源;铅同位素比值基本上都属于普通铅的范畴,其与部分殷墟青铜器铅同位素比值重叠在一起,表明北窑墓地铜器与部分殷墟铜器的制作使用了相同矿料,说明商代晚期殷人开发利用的部分矿料到了西周早期开始大规模开采使用。研究还表明,西周时期金属矿料流通是普遍的、常态化的社会行为,是当时社会生产中最重要的物流实体。     

望京楼遗址出土青铜器研究

望京楼遗址是夏商时期重要邑聚,为了解该遗址铜器制作工艺水平,通过金相显微镜和扫描电镜对2010~2012年新郑望京楼遗址出土的青铜器样品进行组织与成分分析和探讨。该批铜器未见青铜容器,仅有小件工具和兵器。但仍可初步反映出望京楼遗址出土的青铜器材质多样化和加工方式非单一性;对望京楼铜器分析反映出该区域使用锻打应该有了一定积累并在此基础上能依据材质和器物薄厚、尺寸选择工艺,对锻打技术认知度较高。望京楼铜器具有的原始性,应属于铜合金使用的早期阶段。研究表明,商代对于器物成分与性能关系的认识程度比之前得到提高。器物是本地制作还是外来还需要更多材料证明。     

再论商王朝的衰亡与铅

商代是中国青铜文明的繁盛阶段,青铜器在社会生活中广泛使用。考古出土商代青铜器含铅量很高,商代后期尤甚。综合安徽何郢青铜时代遗址人骨铅含量的分析、青铜器溶铅实验、殷墟墓葬出土青铜器铅含量的分析和山西绛县横北西周墓地人骨铅含量的分析等诸多学者新的研究成果,进而证明商代晚期贵族阶层应该存在严重的铅中毒,而铅中毒应为商王朝衰亡的重要原因之一。     

殷墟商墓铜器组合与墓主归属问题

<正>殷墟商墓研究的一个重要方面是青铜器组合的研究。墓葬中青铜器的组合在一定程度上反映了墓葬的时代、等级、族属、文化交流等问题。陈梦家首倡青铜器的组合研究,他指出研究商代青铜器不能将其“分割为器物学的、文字学的和美术史的领域”,不仅要注意地域性,还要注意共同性。他将同墓出土的青铜礼器作为同组进行分析,并指出组合形式存在多样性,如同墓共存的组合、同墓的成套组合、同族名的组合等^[1]。郭宝钧提出“铜器群”概念,通过综合分析青铜礼乐器群的组合、形制、花纹、     

汉中盆地商代早中期青铜器与盘龙城青铜器的对比研究

二里岗文化时期是向外扩张的时期。通过和盘龙城商代遗址出土的青铜器比较,可以看出汉中盆地出土的商代青铜器从器类的增加、器物形制、器物变化的幅度和方向、工艺以及器物的消失时间,都具有极大的相似性和同步性。从而可知,汉中盆地的铜器来源当是盘龙城,汉中盆地的商代青铜器亦是二里岗时期商人向外扩张的结果。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF ISLAMIC POTTERY GLAZES FROM FUSTAT,EGYPT*

Lead isotope analyses have been undertaken on a group of Islamic lead‐glazed pottery artefacts from Fustat, Egypt, spanning the period from the eighth to the 14th century ad , that had previously been the subject of a comprehensive typological, chronological, petrographic and technological study. Comparison of the lead isotope ratios for the glazes with those for lead ores from Egypt, Iran, Tunisia, Anatolia, Greece, Sardinia and Spain provided information on the possible sources of the lead used in the production of the glazes. The results show that the lead used in glaze production by the Islamic potters at Fustat was most probably obtained from distant ore sources in Iran or Tunisia, Sardinia, Spain and the Taurus Mountains. Different ore sources were favoured in different periods and, to a limited extent, for different types of pottery, but at no time did the Fustat potters use the potentially more accessible Egyptian ore sources.     

Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin,S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov

Schmidt, R., March 2007. Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin, S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov. Alcheringa 31, 67-84. ISSN 0311-5518.

Free-living bryozoans are diverse in the Eocene sediments of the St. Vincent Basin, South Australia. They include Bonellina pentagonalis gen. et sp. nov., Otionellina sp. cf. O. exigua (Tenison Woods), Otionellina sp. cf. O. cupola (Tenison Woods), Tubiporella magna (Tenison Woods), Celleporaria nummularia (Tenison Woods), and an indeterminate species only found as moulds. This diversity and abundance is highest in the sediments representing the initial transgressive marine facies, where they occur in ‘sand fauna’ bryozoan assemblages (e.g. with Melicerita and Siphonicytara). Free-living bryozoans decrease up-section and are absent from latest Eocene sediments, indicating a significant environmental shift.

Rolf Schmidt [rschmid@museum.vic.gov.au], Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia; received 18.3.2005, revised 14.12.2005.