砂岩类文物岩石材料劣化空鼓病害 特征及形成机理研究

为了探讨砂岩类文物岩石材料表层劣化空鼓病害的特征和形成机理,以西黄寺建筑砂岩材料为研究对象,采用化学全分析、X衍射、扫描电镜法测试方法对表层空鼓处岩样的化学成分、矿物成分及微观结构进行了分析,依据测试数据系统论述了三个方面空鼓病害的特征。研究结果表明,砂岩类文物岩石材料产生空鼓的原因是岩石内部本身具有层状结构和大量片状膨胀性粘土矿物或石膏;在雨水的作用下使其表面溶蚀,为水进入砂岩内部提供了条件。砂岩内部粘土矿物及石膏较多的部位遇水后发生急剧膨胀,产生较大的膨胀压力,由于粘土矿物及石膏较多的地方,岩层的联结强度又较低,在膨胀压力的作用下便会发生空鼓。本工作的测试方法及空鼓产生的机理可为类似研究提供参考。     

两种不同环境控制下砂岩类文物岩石材料剥落特征及形成机制差异性的研究

为了研究不同环境对砂岩类文物岩石材料劣化的影响和控制,本工作以北京西黄寺和柬埔寨吴哥遗址周萨神庙两种砂岩类文物岩石材料为研究对象,从砂岩表层剥落形态、物理性质、化学矿物成分及微观结构变异四个方面对剥落特征进行了系统论述,并从岩石特性和环境因素两方面对剥落形成机制进行了分析.研究结论认为周萨神庙砂岩表层剥落比西黄寺砂岩更严重,这是由于其材料本身特性略差、大气降雨作用和生物活动更频繁造成的.本工作的测试方法及剥落形成的机制可为类似研究提供参考.     

有机质文物藏品的生物劣化与防治

引言众所周知,由于近、现代田野考古新发现的不断涌现以及文物博物馆事业的蓬勃发展,馆藏文物的种类日趋丰富,数量与日俱增,但随之而来的文物保护所面临的任务和问题也渐趋复杂多样.特别是那些有机质地的文物藏品,除承受保存环境中的光线、温度、湿度及大气污染等诸多因素的影响外,最令文物保护工作者困扰的就是由虫害、霉菌引起的生物劣化.本文欲就有机质地文物藏品的生物劣化机理及其主要防治手段做一简单描述,以期获得抛砖引玉的目的.     

红外相机技术在石窟寺与古建筑动物活动监测中的应用

2018年1月至2021年6月，采用红外相机技术监测了以石窟寺与古建筑为代表的4处遗产地动物活动，共布设相机22台，累计9 463个相机日，获得野生动物独立有效照片10 946张，监测到鸟兽类合计6目13科18种；依据相对多度指数(RAI)确定莫高窟、炳灵寺石窟、麦积山石窟和紫金庵典型优势物种分别为：大沙鼠(Rhombomys opimus)(RAI:35.75)、岩鸽(Columba rupestris)(RAI:75.99)、岩松鼠(Sciurotamias davidianus)(RAI:43.17)和珀氏长吻松鼠(Dremomys pernyi)(RAI:43.65);4种优势物种季节性活动均表现为夏季最高，冬季最低；月活动节律为每年8月最高，1月最低；大沙鼠、岩鸽、岩松鼠、珀氏长吻松鼠日活动高峰分别为8∶00～10∶00、10∶00～12∶00、10∶00～12∶00、2∶00～4∶00。鸟兽类主要通过抓痕、筑巢、粪便污染等形式危害文物，结合上述研究，提出了针对性的防治措施建议。研究结果为厘清遗产地动物种群特征、活动节律以及动物防治提供了技术支撑和科学依据。     

敦煌莫高窟B113窟水分蒸发特征与形成机理

水分是导致壁画病害的关键因子。在封闭条件下,通过冷凝的方法对敦煌莫高窟B113窟的蒸发数量和特征进行了5年的监测。结果表明:B113洞窟水分年蒸发量为61189.9 g,日平均蒸发量为229.2 g,年蒸发量和日蒸发量都呈正弦曲线变化特征。监测表明:随着窟内温度升高,洞窟水分蒸发量增大;温度降低,洞窟水分蒸发量减小。温度决定蒸发水汽浓度,地气流出量决定蒸发水汽体量。洞窟水分蒸发从4月开始持续到12月中旬,6~8月洞窟水分蒸发最大,日水分蒸发7∶00~12∶00迅速上升,12∶00~23∶00下降,夜间也有持续的水分蒸发,是温度和地气活动量主导和控制着洞窟蒸发水分的数量。洞窟水分蒸发机制的揭示为今后洞窟微环境的调控和壁画预防性保护提供了理论基础和科学依据。     

Moisture content measurement and surface water absorption test in the inner gallery of Bayon for the conservation of the bas-relief

The bas-relief carved on the sandstone wall in the central part of the inner gallery of Bayon in the Angkor monuments, Cambodia, has been severely damaged mainly due to calcite crystallization. In order to confirm the mechanism of salt weathering and help determine conservation measures for the bas-relief, measurements of the annual change in the moisture content in the bas-relief were conducted. We found that water supplied from the platform behind the bas-relief is the cause of calcite crystallization. It is therefore indispensable for the conservation of the bas-relief to prevent the water permeating from the inside of the platform behind it. As precipitated calcite from the water block pores near the surface of the sandstone, the surface water absorption test is a useful method to evaluate the degree of the salt weathering.     

长江口咸淡水混合水域腐蚀性细菌的筛选及其对文物的腐蚀作用

近年来,针对文物在海水中的细菌性腐蚀研究主要集中于海域沉积,但关于咸淡水混合水域的腐蚀性细菌研究鲜有报道。河口及近海岸水域是水下文物较为丰富的区域,咸淡水交互作用影响水下文物的埋藏环境和文物遗存。本研究采集长江口北港拦门沙Ⅱ号沉船附近海底不同层次的海泥,通过非定向富集培养基培养,分离纯化得到18株菌,经16S rDNA鉴定出4种具有腐蚀性的细菌：哈夫尼希瓦氏菌(Shewanella hafniensis)、越南芽孢杆菌(Bacillus wiedmannii)、金橙微小杆菌(Exiguobacterium aquaticum)和微小杆菌(Exiguobacterium indicum)。将分离得到的细菌作用于瓷质、陶质和木质等常见文物材料,置于30℃摇床220 r/min转速下培养7 d,喷金干燥,扫描电镜下观察,均可见在材料表面上产生生物膜。生物膜与微生物腐蚀的发生密切相关,除了已报道具有腐蚀性的菌株外,还发现了2株先前并未报道但也在材料表面产生生物膜的菌类：萘醌对希瓦氏菌(Shewanella xiamenensis)和嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)。实验...     

Characteristics of CO2‐driven cold‐water geyser,Crystal Geyser in Utah: experimental observation and mechanism analyses

Geologic carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an option for reducing CO₂ emissions, but leakage to the surface is a risk factor. Natural CO₂ reservoirs that erupt from abandoned oil and gas holes leak to the surface as spectacular cold geysers in the Colorado Plateau, United States. A better understanding of the mechanisms of CO₂‐driven cold‐water geysers will provide valuable insight about the potential modes of leakage from engineered CCS sites. A notable example of a CO₂‐driven cold‐water geyser is Crystal Geyser in central Utah. We investigated the fluid mechanics of this regularly erupting geyser by instrumenting its conduit with sensors and measuring pressure and temperature every 20 sec over a period of 17 days. Analyses of these measurements suggest that the timescale of a single‐eruption cycle is composed of four successive eruption types with two recharge periods ranging from 30 to 40 h. Current eruption patterns exhibit a bimodal distribution, but these patterns evolved during past 80 years. The field observation suggests that the geyser's eruptions are regular and predictable and reflect pressure and temperature changes resulting from Joule–Thomson cooling and endothermic CO₂ exsolution. The eruption interval between multiple small‐scale eruptions is a direct indicator of the subsequent large‐scale eruption.     

实验室模拟硅酸盐质文物除盐控盐的可视化研究

针对目前广泛使用的材料吸附除盐和加湿喷雾控盐等方法对含盐硅酸盐质文物可能造成的损伤,采用扫描电子显微镜、电阻仪和高分辨摄影仪等实时在线记录具有显色性质硫酸铜溶液在吸附除盐和水雾控盐加湿干燥过程中文物内部盐带分布的变化。研究结果表明：吸附材料除盐法和表面喷雾控盐法均会加速样品内部盐离子的扩散迁移,在样品中形成双层或多层盐结晶带;所形成的盐结晶带与样品结构特性、盐溶液在样品中的运移和蒸发速率、加湿-干燥频率等因素有关,其中溶液毛细上升高度和样品透气性越好,以及环境温度和盐溶液浓度越高,加湿-干燥频率越快,样品内部的盐带分布变化越明显。材料吸附除盐和水雾控盐等方法加速了盐溶液在样品内部的扩散,促进多层盐带的形成。这些结果对于目前文物保护所采取的除盐控盐技术手段提出了新的挑战。     

Understanding ethnic differences in perceptions,attitudes, and behaviours: a study of domestic water use in Sydney

There is growing realisation among environmental and social studies researchers that people's decision‐making about water use conforms to their internal norms and beliefs, which are developed in social and cultural contexts. Little research, however, has addressed the possible impacts that ethnic and cultural diversity may have on domestic water use and management. This paper presents the results of a study conducted in Sydney, with specific reference to questionnaire findings. Among respondents from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds, significant differences were observed in terms of perceptions, specific knowledge, attitudes, and self‐reported behaviours in relation to water use and conservation. The disparities identified were not masking socio‐demographic and economic characteristics but were the result of a series of constructs closely tied to ethnicity, including cultural value, environmental experience, language preference, and information access. As a factor explaining variation in the engagement of pro‐conservation behaviour, ethnic status was found to be more useful than some socio‐economic factors. The study highlights the importance of including ethnicity and cultural sensitivity issues in the decision‐making process of environmental management.