Preaching,politics and episcopal reform in Wulfstan's early writings

Putting Wulfstan's earliest legal texts – the Canons of Edgar and the so‐called Peace of Edward and Guthrum – in dialogue with his homilies on the role of the bishop, this article argues that, from his earliest writings, Wulfstan adapted approaches from Kings Alfred and Edgar as well as from the Benedictine reform to make ambitious claims concerning the role of the bishop in the secular sphere. These claims went beyond the contemporary understanding of the relationship between bishop and king both in England and on the Continent, to frame the bishop as the primary authority in the nation because he is the teacher of teachers.     

职工精简与20世纪60年代前期的上海城乡冲突及其协调

1953年以后,随着社会主义计划经济的建立,当代中国二元城乡关系结构亦逐渐成形。但是,因大跃进运动的失败及随之而来的三年自然灾害,大量上海城市人口被精简回乡则使这一逐渐固化的城乡关系结构再一次发生强烈震荡,对上海城市和郊区农村都产生了巨大的冲击,从而引发一系列矛盾与冲突。通过对这些矛盾和冲突的协调与解决,上海城乡关系的刚性结构在一定程度上得到软化,城市和乡村都因而受益,城乡间的协调发展也在一定程度上得到实现。     

中世纪和近代早期英国关税性质的演变

中世纪和近代早期,英国关税性质发生了根本性变化,从一种国王特权税,逐渐演变为处于议会严格控制下的议会间接税。中世纪和1625年前的近代早期,关税主要是国王的一种特权税。1625-1660年间,随着议会和王权斗争的高涨,以及议会的暂时胜利,关税一度转变为处于议会直接控制下的间接税。复辟时期,关税的最终课征批准权继续掌握在议会手中,但因缺少日常操控权,其关税权残缺不全。光荣革命后,因议会在与王权的斗争中取得了决定性胜利,关税演变为完全由议会严格控制的间接税。     

Tradition as a governing theme in the writings of John Cassian

John Cassian has been criticized in recent scholarship for historical inaccuracy – but it is not self‐evident that his works were intended as histories in the sense that is supposed by that criticism. Instead, Cassian presents himself as the promoter of key traditions. This paper describes of Cassian's own thinking about ‘tradition’ as a key theme in his works. To that end, it aims to redress scholarly misgivings about the worth of Cassian's writings by taking them as the transmission of identifiable traditions into early to mid‐fifth‐century Gaul (rather than as documentary evidence for late fourth‐century Egyptian monasticism).     

The historiography of Malaysia: Recent writings in English on the history of the area since 1874

The Dutch in Western India 1601–1632—A Study of Mutual Accommodation, by Ann Bos Radwan, KLM Private Limited, Calcutta, 1978. Pp. XII + 159. Rs. 45.

Calcutta in Urban History, by Pradip Sinha, Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd, 1978. Pp. xix + 268. Rs 65.

Social History of an Indian Caste: the Kayasths of Hyderabad by Karen Isaksen Leonard. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978. Pp. xviii + 353. £10.25.

Liberty and Empire: British Radical Solutions to the American Problem, 1774–1776 by Robert E. Toohey. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, 1978. Pp. xiv + 210. S13.00.

Patriot‐Heroes in England and America: Political Symbolism and Changing Values over three Centuries by Peter Karsten. Madison and London: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1978. Pp. 257, 66 illustrations. £17.50.

David Livingstone: The Dark Interior by Oliver Ransford. London: John Murray, 1978. Pp. x + 332. 6 maps, 17 illustrations. £8.50.

Southeast Asian Transitions: Approaches through Social History. Edited by Ruth T. McVey with the assistance of Adrienne Suddard. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1978. Pp. ix + 242. £12.60.

The China Station: War and Diplomacy 1830–1860 by Gerald S. Graham. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1978. Pp. xix + 444, maps. £15.00.

The Foundation of the Conservative Party 1830–1867 by R. Stewart. London: Longman, 1978. Pp. xvii + 427. £12.00 ('A History of the Conservative Party’, vol. I).

The Discipline of Popular Government: Lord Salisbury's Domestic Statecraft, 1881–1902 by Peter Marsh. Hassocks: Harvester Press, 1978.Pp.x + 373; £16.50.

Colour, Class and the Victorians by Douglas A. Lorimer. Leicester University Press, 1978. Pp. 300; £8.50.

The International Economy and the Undeveloped World, 1865–1914 by A. J. H. Latham. London: Croom Helm Ltd., 1978. Pp. 217, maps and illus.; £9.95.

Clan Leaders and Colonial Chiefs in Lango by John Tosh. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978. Pp. xvi + 293. £11.50.

Reformers, Rebels and Revolutionaries: the Western Canadian Radical Movement, 1899–1919, by A. Ross McCormack. Toronto :University of Toronto Press, 1977.

Happy Valley: The Story of the English in Kenya, by N. Best. Seeker and Warburg, 1979. Pp. 224. £6.95.

The Commonwealth and the Nation by S. R. Mehrotra, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1978. Rs.40; London: Independent Publishing Co. Pp. vi + 108. N.p.

The Princes of India in the Twilight of Empire: Dissolution of a Patron‐Client System, 1914–1939 by B. N. Ramusack. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1978. Pp. xxii + 322, map and illus.; $20.

Linlithgow and India. A Study of British Policy and the Political Impasse in India, 1936–43 by G. Rizvi. London: Royal Historical Society, 1978. Pp. x + 261. £9.30.

Four Families of Karimpur by Charlotte V. Wiser. Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University: Syracuse, 1978. Pp. xxix + 229. S6.50.

Hong Kong: Stability and Change by H. J. Lethbridge. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1978. Pp. 275. £14.50.

Dominanz oder Kooperation: die Entwicklung der regionalen Integration in Ostafrika by Goswin Baumhogger. Hamburg: Institut für Afrika‐Kunde, 1978. Pp. xiii + 374 (Hamburger Beiträge zur Afrika‐Kunde vol. 22).

Who are our enemies? Racism and the Australian Working Class edited by Ann Curthoys and Andrew Markus. Sydney: Hale and Iremonger, for the Australian Society for the Study of Labour History. Pp. xx + 211.     

The Civic Survey of Greater London: social mapping,planners and urban space in the early twentieth century

This paper examines work conducted between 1915 and 1919 by a group of architects and planners based at the Royal Institute of British Architects. The project, called the Civic Survey of Greater London, and the substantial collection of maps and diagrams that resulted from it are currently unknown in histories of mapping and planning, thus this paper offers a preliminary account and analysis of the work. The paper begins by assessing the development of surveying and mapping techniques in the nineteenth century with the aim of situating the Survey within broader historical trajectories. The following section of the paper examines the immediate context for the Survey, in particular the place of Patrick Geddes and his ideas. The third part of the paper focuses on the work of the Survey itself. The fourth part draws out key analytical threads in dialogue with a number of the maps of the Survey. The emphasis placed here is on exploring lines of continuity between the Civic Survey of Greater London and earlier techniques of representation and governmentality. The concluding section reflects briefly on the reasons for the Survey's subsequent relative obscurity and the importance of the project for later traditions of surveying.     

Romans,barbarians, and Franks in the writings of Venantius Fortunatus

This paper aims to contribute to the broader discussion of strategies of identification and of Romanness by exploring the changing meaning of Roman, barbarian, and Frankish identity in the writings of Venantius Fortunatus. A close examination of the cultural, ethnic and political nuances of these terms in Fortunatus's works highlights the ways he used the resources available to him within his social context to promote Roman identity as still prestigious and as compatible with a barbarian‐ruled society.     

Place,space and odyssey: Exploring the future of early medieval sculpture,Rosemarkie, Inverness-shire

Abstract

The world today is often described as ‘postmodern’ - or, recently, post-postmodern. The question is, can postmodern ideas help to explain the many inconsistencies and logical binds in which museums find themselves entangled at the start of the 21st century? The postmodern is set in contrast with the Modern project, with which museums are closely associated. Superstition and disorder were swept aside, in theory at least, by scientific evidence and orderly arrangement, promoting a stable social hierarchy. In the West, the rational, scientific mindset became the dominant way of explaining the world. Museums are deeply implicated in the Modern, as instruments for cataloguing and characterizing first the natural world and, later, the world of invention, design and technology. Can museums, as ‘modern’ institutions, survive in the postmodern age? The museum's salvation could, it is argued, lie in its collections. Museums could shrug off their insistence on exhibitions as their major function: their ‘modern’ face. Instead they could move towards being providers of a service to open up the collections themselves and the knowledge and information about them, rather than guarding them as a private treasure.     

A Vast Inland Empire and the Last Great West: remaking society, space and environment in early British Columbia

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a new order was imposed on the land and inhabitants of present-day interior British Columbia. From one perspective this was a story of human progress and improvement – the advance of colonizing Europeans into lands that they considered underutilized and unproductive and that they sought, often successfully, to bring within the growing orbit of global trade and world capitalism. Yet for many people and creatures the story of resettlement was far from a story of progress. In relatively short order – less than a century – the grasslands of interior British Columbia were swept and transformed by many of the most powerful currents of western modernity. The results of this transformation were uneven and often deeply inequitable. By the late nineteenth century native peoples had been dispossessed and struggled to survive on small resource-poor Indian Reserves; a few corporate and family-owned cattle ranches controlled the best range leaving small-scale immigrant ranchers with more or less marginal land; and many types of grassland had been heavily overgrazed. This paper explores these darker sides of European resettlement in present-day interior British Columbia by emphasizing the role of ranching in colonial resettlement, by describing the stratified rural society that ranching, in part, produced, and by revealing the different ways that cattle and ranches interacted with natural and economic processes to remake an environment.     

Geo-centric education and anti-imperialism: theosophy, geography and citizenship in the writings of J. H. Cousins

While much has been written of the complicity of geography with British Imperialism and projects of the nation state, the focus of this paper is the educational writings of James H. Cousins who advocated geography as a source of ordered knowledge, mystic insight, and resistance to imperialism. Cousins' formulation of nationhood in his writing on national education, his scheme of geographical education and his concern of ideal citizenship are discussed in order to explore his attempt to develop a Theosophical geographical imagination of non-hierarchical difference and global spiritual unity.     

Moving agriculture onto the Tibetan plateau: the archaeobotanical evidence

The Tibetan Plateau has one of the least hospitable environments for agriculture on the planet; however, its inhabitants have developed an economic system based on agriculture and pastoralism suited to it’s geoenvironmental stressors. Little is known about the timing of the spread of agriculture onto the plateau or how agricultural systems were adapted to this environment. In this article, we present palaeoethnobotanical data from two sites, Changdu Karuo (c. 2700–2300 cal B.C.) and Kyung-lung Mesa (A.D. 220–334 and A.D. 694–880). In addition, we synthesize previously reported data (much of which has never been published in peer-reviewed journals). We argue that the earliest agriculture was based on millets (broomcorn and foxtail) and was accompanied by a pig-based economic system. This early economy, which likely originated in western China, was later replaced by a better adapted system, similar to those identified in Central Asia. The later system was based on crops such as wheat, barley, peas, and millets, as well as sheep and goat pastoralism. Wild resources obtained through hunting, fishing, and foraging appear to have been complements to the diet on the Tibetan Plateau.     

Mapping the New Deal: local disparities in the performance of Welfare-to-Work

In recent years, following the lead of the US, several OECD countries have introduced 'workfare' policies that link receipt of unemployment and related social benefits to compulsory participation on state-administered work and training schemes. The UK's New Deal (Welfare-to-Work) for Young People is one of the largest and most developed of these workfare programmes. Official evaluations of the UK's New Deal for Young People claim that it has been a national success, but overlook local variations in its results. This paper uses the Government's own performance measures, data on local unemployment flows, numbers of New Deal participants recycled through the scheme as second starts, and interviews with both local policy managers and participants, to demonstrate that these local variations have been substantial. These different indicators suggest that the programme has been noticeably less effective in many inner urban and depressed industrial labour markets. In such areas the 'recycling and churning' of participants through the programme are more significant, and suggest that local labour market structures play a significant role in shaping policy outcomes. The paper argues that recent additions to the New Deal to improve job search and matching fail to address this local variation, and that a longer-term approach is required that seeks to improve not only the employability of individuals, but also the local employment opportunities open to them. One key implication is clear: that local labour market conditions can exert a significant influence on the outcomes of national workfare type policies, not only in terms of geographical variations in the problem to be solved, but also in shaping and constraining the local nature of policy outcomes.     

二十四桥明月夜，玉人何处教吹箫——歌妓流离与唐宋文人创作浅论

歌妓是中国古代社会的一个特殊社会阶层,和唐宋时期的文学活动有着紧密的关系。本文从三个方面分析了歌妓的复合特质,探讨了唐宋时期文人们在和歌妓的交往过程中所引发的种种感悟。