朝鲜战争与战后其他局部战争之异同

朝鲜战争与战后其他局部战争之异同丁伟朝鲜战争是第二次世界大战结束后的第一场大规模现代化局部战争。这场战争具备现代局部战争的典型特点。本文将对朝鲜战争与战后其他局部战争进行比较，以求得对朝鲜战争更深刻的认识。同时，对现代局部战争的发展予以分析和研究。一...     

抗美援朝中的苏联空军

<正>抗美援朝战争中的空战是现代战争中具有典型代表意义的空战。在这场规模空前的空战中,交战方第一次把当时世界最先进的战斗机投入到空中战场,从而开辟了真正意义上的喷气时代的空战,并对20世纪后半叶的世界空军在局部战争中的空战产生了深远影响。可是,很长一段时间内,公开的交战双方是中国人民志愿军空军和以美国为首的联合国空军。随着中国、美国和俄罗斯三国     

一枝独秀的北洋中华邮政

北洋军阀统治时期,战乱频仍,政坛丑闻百出,民族工业发展举步维艰。而这时的中华邮政却以良好的经营服务,“一枝独秀”于萧条的百业中,成为邮政历史上发展的黄金时期。 有亲历者回忆:“中华邮政在混乱的局面下仍极力设法保持交战地区的通邮。如果战线长切断了铁路干线,那就迂回绕道,甚至用海上运输联结。如果是局部战争,那就组织临时邮班绕开火线连接。在围城或巷战时,由视察员(当时称巡员)和交战双方接洽,由邮运员持白旗或带     

对冷战后局部战争的地缘政治思考

冷战后,随着苏联的解体,世界格局保持了近半个世纪的力量均势失衡,造成了局部地区的力量真空和失衡。美国则依靠其唯一的大国优势,在"维护正义"、"保护人权"的幌子下到处发动或参加海外局部战争,使得世界并没有因冷战结束而进入人们所企盼的和平发展时代。从1991年海湾战争至今的12年中,全球发生了几十次局部战争,对世界格局产生着重大的影响。本文仅从冷战后发生的四次大规模局部战争的地缘政治背景分析,来探讨在新的世界格局和新的地缘环境中,我国的地缘政治形势和维护国家安全利益的对策。     

战后局部战争有限化的历史轨迹

局部战争与世界大战相对应,它是从空间角度对战争的一种区分,指在局部地区进行的战争。局部战争同时存在着无限扩大和受到制约两种因素,当扩大战争的因素居于主导地位,以全面军事胜利为目的,战争于是呈现全面性的特征;当限制战争的因素居于主导地位,以有限军事胜利为目的,战争于是呈现有限化的特征。从18世纪法国大革命后的拿破仑战争起,军事大国大多通过彻底的军事胜利来实现国家的霸权目标。这种全面性的局部战争在20世纪的上半叶达到其巅峰,发展成为两次世界大战。第二次世界大战结束后,随着核武器的出现,以及在国际政治、经…     

一门引导读者进入和平学研究领域的基础教材——评《和平学概论》

已经过去的20世纪是战争的世纪。在那一个世纪中，由于资本主义与帝国主义争夺殖民地的矛盾及宗主国与殖民地之间的冲突，引起了两次世界规模的大战，也发生了无数次的局部战争。人类在世界大战以及局部战争中都蒙受了巨大的灾难与痛苦。第二次世界大战结束后，国际社会虽然开始思考建设和平的生存环境，但冷战局面持续存在，局部冲突时有发生，...     

试析冷战在中东的分期和特点

中东在美苏冷战中具有重要意义。中东的冷战可划为四个阶段:美国开始取代英法在中东的势力,苏联实现突破的努力失败;阿拉伯民族主义进入高潮,英法基本退出中东,美苏展开激烈角逐;英国彻底退出中东,苏联影响进一步增长,中东呈现不战不和局面;美国促成中东和平进程,苏联在阿拉伯世界的影响衰落。冷战在中东的主要特点如下:中东是除东欧外非两大阵营国家唯一与超级大国苏联有陆地接壤的地区,是美国遏制战略的前沿阵地;中东是冷战的发源地之一;中东成为美苏激烈争夺的地区,双方各有自己的战略;中东的局部战争和地区冲突延绵不断,并与冷战相互交织,而后者对阿拉伯世界的影响有限;冷战与中东起伏不定的民族主义相互影响;中东在冷战中诞生了高度敌视西方的极端伊斯兰主义。     

古代的特种小分队

除了世界大战的大会战以外,小分队作战为一种相当重要的作战方式,冷战以后的国际战争或局部战争,特种小分队作战,甚至成为一种主要的作战方式。     

抗美援朝战争与人民解放军现代化建设

<正>抗美援朝战争是第二次世界大战后第一场大规模的国际性局部战争。由中华优秀儿女组成的中国人民志愿军,不仅与朝鲜人民军共同战斗,赢得了举世公认的胜利,而且在这场高度现代化的战争中,大大推进了人民军队的现代化建设,为人民军队发展成为一支强大的现代化、     

一代伟人功彪史册的战略运筹——《毛泽东与抗美援朝战争》评介

抗美援朝战争,是新中国同当时世界头号军事强国美国进行的军事、政治、经济、外交等领域的全面较量,也是中美双方经济力量和武器装备优劣对比悬殊的一场大规模的现代化战争。抗美援朝战争的胜利,不仅极大地提高了新中国的国际地位和威望,而且也改变了国际战略格局,在中国乃至世界的史册上写下了光辉的一页。提到抗美援朝战争,就不能不提及这场战争中国的最高决策者——毛泽东。由徐焰撰写、解放军出版社出版的《毛泽东与抗美援朝战争》一书,正是从这样一个独特的视角,根据大量尘封已久的档案资料,真实记述了一代伟人毛泽东在抗美援朝战争中纵横捭阖运筹帷幄的理论与实践,从中不仅可以温故知新,领略毛泽东超凡的胆略、气魄和智慧,而且可以鉴往警今,获取破解未来高技术局部战争难题的法宝和不竭源泉。书中展示了如下一些主线:     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.