口述史二题:记忆与诠释

记忆问题主要是指记忆的可靠性问题,或者从另外一个角度说是口述史学的客观性问题。口述历史的诠释性是口述历史的哲学理论基础,它为其作为历史研究方法的价值性存在提供哲学层面的论述。记忆问题和诠释性是口述史学研究中的两个核心要点,对它们的研究直接关系到口述史学研究范式的形态和深度。     

历史知识、历史记忆与民族创伤——读柯文Speaking to History:The Story of King GouJian in Twentieth-Century China

20世纪70—80年代,伴随着新文化史的兴起,西方历史研究中出现了所谓记忆的转向。①大批史学家开始重新审视历史与记忆的关系,并逐步将普通民众对历史的记忆纳入史学研究,对其加以记述、分析和解释。这种趋向尤其突出地表现在关于历史创伤问题的讨论中,其焦点是大屠     

记忆与历史理解

"记忆"这一术语在当今得到了广泛和有争议的传播。它被认为是一种对真实性和真相有着特别夙求的特权话语,不仅进入到史学领域,也成为文化史研究中的一个最重要的词汇之一。但是,与记忆相关的不确定性对我们的历史理解有何教益?或者反过来说,历史对于我们的记忆又有何教益?霍布斯鲍姆曾指出,历史研究和历史书写在追求普遍性和特殊的认同夙求之间徘徊不     

历史记忆、历史-记忆或历史与记忆?——记忆史研究中的概念使用问题北大核心CSSCI

“历史记忆”“历史-记忆”“历史与记忆”以及“记忆史”等概念或议题看似相近,实则有着不同的意涵。“历史记忆”最初是莫里斯•阿布瓦赫在《集体记忆》中提到的概念,意在强调历史带有记忆的性质。随着后人对此术语的发展,“历史记忆”的含义被拓宽为“人们对过去的记忆与表述”。“历史-记忆”是皮埃尔•诺拉提出的术语,用于指称现代之前“历史与记忆”的联合体。“历史与记忆”是西方历史学家辩证地看待历史与记忆之间关系时所讨论的核心议题。面对记忆研究的挑战,西方历史学家之所以讨论历史与记忆的关系,其目的是为历史学正名。“记忆史”则是将记忆作为历史研究对象的领域,研究记忆随着社会历史发展的历时性变化。因此,在涉及这些概念的时候应认真加以区分,避免误用。特别是在翻译、引用西方学者的观点时应力求准确,以免造成误解。     

清代广西伏波庙地理分布与东汉马援征交趾

历史的记述有两种类型,一是精英阶层的记述与记忆,这主要体现在各种主流献当中。另一种是在民间的历史叙事与记忆,这主要体现在口头叙事、地方性仪式和各种地方性献中。民间力量在认同国家历史的过程中,也在用自己地方性的视野去叙述着历史事件,即用传说或祭祀的方式去表达他们对历史的一种记忆。赵世瑜先生认为历史是一种集体记忆,记忆具有传承性和延续性,     

历史事实、历史记忆与历史心性

将文献与口述历史视为“历史记忆” ,我们所要了解的是留下这记忆的“社会情境”及“历史心性” ;前者指社会人群的资源共享与竞争关系 ,与相关的族群、性别或阶级认同与区分 ;后者指此“历史记忆”所循的选材与述事模式。社会情境及历史心性 ,及二者的变迁 ,都是我们所欲探索的“历史事实”。借着一些有关华夏民族起源与形成的例证 ,本文强调一种兼顾历史事实、历史记忆与历史心性的研究。     

“第三届历史学前沿论坛”会议综述

<正>"第三届历史学前沿论坛"于2009年12月12-13日在天津召开,此次会议由中国社会科学院主办,中国社会科学杂志社《历史研究》编辑部、南开大学历史学院和天津市历史学学会所承办。论坛以"历史记忆与失忆:价值选择与史学功能"为主题,旨在关注史学研究中具有学科影响的宏观性、前沿性和前瞻性问题,以此来为历史学的学科发展提供理论性的思考与     

过去之未来:历史、记忆与历史撰述的伦理职责

本文首先分析了史学研究中"语言学转向"的特征及其兴起的原因,并对各种试图对这一转向作出修正的理论进行了考察,指出这些修正理论强调了历史中个体的经验和能动性,进而为记忆研究与历史研究的结合提供了哲学和理论基础。记忆研究的兴起,向史学家提出了方法论、史学编纂和伦理上的新要求,并发展出一种不同于传统史学的历史时间概念。而将记忆与创伤纳入历史研究范畴,则需要从不同角度去理解"事实"和"真相"等概念。如何将历史、记忆与伦理整合到一种切实可行的史学编纂模式中,依然是一个没有定论的和存在争议的问题。     

历史记忆与社会重构——以清末民初“绅权”变异为中心的考察

清末民初的乡村社会—权力处于频繁变动与重构之中。乡村社会—权力结构变动固然蕴含着社会结构变动、利益主体重构的复杂因由,但对于传统绅士的"历史记忆"本身,却也在社会结构或权力结构的重建过程中,产生着潜在的却是不容低估的影响。关于绅士阶层不同的"集体记忆",不仅呈现出不同利益主体的"选择性记忆"或"失忆",而且这种"历史记忆"也成为重构的社会权力和利益关系的"社会认同"因素。     

记忆史与心态史

年鉴学派第三代学者皮埃尔.诺拉主编的七卷本巨著《记忆的场所》的出版,②标志着史学领域中记忆研究的开始。近年来,记忆史不仅涵盖了众多传统的史学研究领域,对文化史、社会史和政治史产生了全新的影响,而且超出了法国范围,成为一种全球性的史学现象,推动了史学研究的"记忆转向"。就其实践而言,记忆史在美国表现得尤为突出。其中     

EXPERIENCE AND HISTORY: THE REACH AND LIMITS OF PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO HISTORY

Experience and History: Phenomenological Perspectives on the Historical World presents the summa of David Carr's phenomenological approach to history. I acknowledge the value of this perspective, but I find it doubtful that a phenomenological account can replace the paradigms of memory and representation against which Carr pits it. The concept of historicity is, rather, complementary in that it alerts us to the prethematic presence of history. Phenomenologically, Carr's attempt to tie history closely to experience runs into problems as it is based on a questionable use of Husserl's notion of retention and risks blurring the distinct temporality of history. At the same time, the central concepts of Carr's approach, both experience and narrative, could be deployed in further ways. As literary scholars have come to emphasize, narrative triggers experiences in its readers. Thus, even if it is impossible to recreate the experiences of historical protagonists, narrative lends itself to giving readers a sense of the experiential dimension of the past. In this sense, narrative is not only a medium of representation, but also a means of presence.     

Public art as public pedagogy: memorial landscapes of the Cambodian genocide

Historical memory in the form of public art acts as a pedagogical tool, both revealing the artist’s interpretation of history and serving as a historical device for the viewer. In Cambodia, new generations are developing an understanding of the Khmer Rouge regime (1975–1979) and its effect on their country’s history. Young peoples’ understanding of history is constructed through institutional, living, and public memory pedagogies. These pedagogical channels do not always work in unison, leaving gaps in historical education. In Cambodia, institutional and living memory pedagogies on the Khmer Rouge genocide often fail to transmit this important national history to those who did not live through it. Publicly accessible memorial art has the potential to supplement the historical understanding of young, rural Cambodians. Three murals sites in rural Cambodia act as landscapes of public pedagogy by depicting scenes of Khmer Rouge atrocities. This paper aims to understand the significance of the impact and implications of public memorial art as an educational supplement, and how public art can be utilized as public pedagogy in Cambodia and beyond.     

Il sovrano pontefice

This article is based on the assumption that core concepts of National Socialism—different from Marxism—turn not on economic, but on moral concepts, or categories heavily related to such concepts as honour, loyalty, decency and comradeship. The article investigates National Socialism from the standpoint of moral judgments, and turns this investigation into part of a moral history. It further is concerned with the continuing impact of National Socialism beyond the military, political and ideological defeat of 1945; the moral historical approach can show how this influence continues at a level hitherto relatively unexamined. The moral history of National Socialism involves more than a shift of perspective. It opens up a specific, barely explored, field of research. This draws upon a variety of sources, especially films (Hotel Sacher—1939 and Downfall—2004 are discussed). The examination is directed to the concept of loyalty within this framework; it is a concept of virtue, which is moreover suited to illuminate some aspects of the functioning of Nazi morality, and its subsequent influence.     

ENTANGLED MEMORY: TOWARD A THIRD WAVE IN MEMORY STUDIES

This essay takes up the call for a “third phase” in memory studies and makes theoretical and methodological suggestions for its further development. Starting from an understanding of memory that centers on memory's temporality, its relation to language, and its quality as a social action, the essay puts forward the concept of “entangled memory.” On a theoretical level, it brings to the fore the entangledness of acts of remembering. In a synchronic perspective, memory's entangledness is presented as twofold. Every act of remembering inscribes an individual in multiple social frames. This polyphony entails the simultaneous existence of concurrent interpretations of the past. In a diachronic perspective, memory is entangled in the dynamic relation between single acts of remembering and changing mnemonic patterns. Memory scholars therefore uncover boundless cross‐referential configurations. Wishing to enhance the dialogue between the theoretical and the empirical parts of memory studies, we propose four devices that serve as a heuristic in the study of memory's entanglement: chronology against time, conflict, generations, and self‐reflexivity. Current debates on European memory permit us to explore the possible benefits that the concept of entangled memory carries for memory studies.     

“Loyalty” in National Socialism: A contribution to the moral history of the National Socialist period

This article is based on the assumption that core concepts of National Socialism—different from Marxism—turn not on economic, but on moral concepts, or categories heavily related to such concepts as honour, loyalty, decency and comradeship. The article investigates National Socialism from the standpoint of moral judgments, and turns this investigation into part of a moral history. It further is concerned with the continuing impact of National Socialism beyond the military, political and ideological defeat of 1945; the moral historical approach can show how this influence continues at a level hitherto relatively unexamined. The moral history of National Socialism involves more than a shift of perspective. It opens up a specific, barely explored, field of research. This draws upon a variety of sources, especially films (Hotel Sacher—1939 and Downfall—2004 are discussed). The examination is directed to the concept of loyalty within this framework; it is a concept of virtue, which is moreover suited to illuminate some aspects of the functioning of Nazi morality, and its subsequent influence.     

TRAUMA,HISTORY, MEMORY,IDENTITY: WHAT REMAINS?

Despite the considerable amount of work already devoted to the topic, the nexus of trauma, history, memory, and identity is still of widespread interest, and much remains to be investigated on both empirical and theoretical levels. The ongoing challenge is to approach the topic without opposing history and memory in a binary fashion but instead by inquiring into more complex and challenging relations between them, including the role of trauma and its effects. This account attempts to set out a research agenda that is multifaceted but with components that are conceptually interrelated and that call for further research and thought. In a necessarily selective manner that does not downplay the value and importance of archival research, it treats both the role of traumatic memory and memory (or memory work) that counteracts post‐traumatic effects and supplements, at times serving as a corrective to, written sources. It argues for the relevance to history of a critical but nondismissive approach to the study of trauma, memory, and identity‐formation, discussing significant new work as well as indicating the continued pertinence of somewhat older work in the field. One of the under‐investigated issues it addresses is the role of the so‐called transgenerational transmission of trauma to descendants and intimates of both survivors and perpetrators. It concludes by making explicit an issue that is fundamental to the problem of identity and identity‐formation and concerning which a great deal remains to be done: the issue of critical animal studies and its historical and ethical significance. Addressing this issue would require extending one's purview beyond humans and attending to the importance of the relations between humans and other animals.     

In praise of counter-conduct

Without access to Michel Foucault's courses, it was extremely difficult to understand his reorientation from an analysis of the strategies and tactics of power immanent in the modern discourse on sexuality (1976) to an analysis of the ancient forms and modalities of relation to oneself by which one constituted oneself as a moral subject of sexual conduct (1984). In short, Foucault's passage from the political to the ethical dimension of sexuality seemed sudden and inexplicable. Moreover, it was clear from his published essays and interviews that this displacement of focus had consequences far beyond the specific domain of the history of sexuality. "Security, Territory, Population" (Foucault, 2007) contains a conceptual hinge, a key concept, that allows us to link together the political and ethical axes of Foucault's thought. Indeed, it is Foucault's analysis of the notions of conduct and counter-conduct in his lecture of 1 March 1978 that seems to me to constitute one of the richest and most brilliant moments in the entire course. Is is astonishing, and of profound significance, that the autonomous sphere of conduct has been more or less invisible in the history of modern (as opposed to ancient) moral and political philosophy. This article argues that a new attention should be given to this notion, both in Foucault's work and more generally.     

Memory in warfare: history as a destituent narrative

Abstract

To what extent may we consider historical writing a field of political tension? Could we make a plausible conceptual distinction between a constituent and a destituent narrative? According to Carlo Ginzburg – one of the proponents of ‘microhistory’ – historical sources are ‘distorting mirrors’, which let the truth shine through in an indirect way. Consequently, the good historian is the one who manages to grasp the ‘Freudian slips’ of history and fixes them in a coherent framework. Michel Foucault’s ‘political historicism’ seems to adopt the same historiographical approach: the most reliable witnesses of the past are the victims of the dominant power and the forgotten subjects of the constituent historical narrative. It seems to the author that Walter Benjamin and Simone Weil’s warfare writings share this destituent attitude towards historical representations. As far as Benjamin is concerned, the author’s hypothesis is that between the two world wars he radically redefines his notion of memory. With the apotheosis of the Nazi regime, he starts to conceive memory of the catastrophic past as the only possible input of an authentic revolutionary action. With a similar attention to collective memory, Weil goes through European history in order to deconstruct its principal political mythologies, from Rome to the Third Reich. Her purpose is to let the stories of the defeated re-emerge in order to show the history of violence that lies beyond the official representation of the past. In both cases, the main political aim is eventually to produce a destituent narrative of Europe that could serve as a guideline in the post-war period.     

文化记忆视角下乡村旅游地的文化研究进展及框架构建

乡村旅游地的文化研究一直是旅游地理学关注的重点领域,而乡村文化的恢复与重构更是亟需解决的科学问题。本文从乡村旅游的概念内涵、文化表达与测度、文化保护利用、地方认同、乡村记忆及文化重构等方面对相关文献进行梳理,提出文化记忆理论和旅游人地关系理论视角下乡村旅游地文化的研究框架、内涵和内容。针对已有研究的不足,本文将乡村文化记忆作为分析乡村旅游地文化时空过程的逻辑起点,立足于文化记忆理论关注的文化记忆识别、地方身份认同和文化连续性等核心内容,构建了“时间维度、空间维度、社会维度”的三维研究框架,并据此提出了乡村文化记忆在时间、空间和社会维度的研究内容。为今后进一步丰富文化记忆与旅游地理学的融合,深化乡村旅游地文化研究的理论构建和方法创新,寻求乡村旅游地的文化研究新视角、新方向和新方法提供指导。     

HISTORY AND INCOMPLETENESS

Vera Schwarcz's Place and Memory in the Singing Crane Garden examines the moral, philosophical, and historical meanings of a garden built by a Manchu Chinese prince, subsequently destroyed by British imperialists, commandeered by Red Guard radicals, and finally transformed into the grounds of an art museum. Reading Singing Crane Garden in the context of Schwarcz's previous writings on Chinese intellectuals and Jewish traditions, as well as insights provided by critical philosophers and geographers, this essay explores the moral and ethical dimensions of locating history in specific "emplacements". The argument begins by examining the phenomenology of place articulated by Edward Casey, weaves through discussions of Chinese spatiality, embodiment, and garden aesthetics, and comments on Schwarcz's study of broken monuments and stele through comparisons with Classical Chinese writers and the contemporary American poet Louise Glück. Comparisons are made between the destruction of the garden by the British forces of James Elgin, the murder of the journalist Thomas Bowlby, and the purging, imprisonment, torture, and brutality against scholars and intellectuals by the Red Guards under Mao. The essay closes with commentaries on Schwarcz's reflections concerning continuing global atrocities, and new insights into the ways that understanding landscape architecture as a form of history can bring meaning to questions of memory, loss, and the desire to evoke unrecoverable experiences.