近代中国邮政空间的“国进民退”

近代中国邮政空间主要是以民信局、国营邮政、侨批等多种企业实体构成。清朝邮政成立后即开始蚕食小额民间资本支持下的民信局经营空间,而基于对1936年《中华民国邮政舆图》的数字化工作发现,历经40余年经营,国营邮政基本整合了全国范围内的邮政空间,也基本完成了本领域的“国进民退”。在此过程中,国营邮政审慎模仿民信局的经营方式,使用多种创新经营策略,除了在大中城市内部和城市之间构建了便捷快速的邮政网络空间,更借助邮政代办的方式以极低的成本将营业网络“下沉”到铁路和公路无法覆盖的农村地区,较好地与传统农村“定期市”网络完成耦合,基本达到了通商处必通邮的效果。国营邮政点和邮路集聚所形成的“邮政聚集区”也成为一种显著的近代化外在空间表征,同时成为界定所谓“核心—边缘”结构的系统可信、定量可验证的空间指标。     

康熙《皇舆全览图》的数字化及意义

康熙《皇舆全览图》是中国史上首次利用西方测绘方法绘制的覆盖今日中国大部分地区的地图,对该图进行数字化,其科学意义和学术意义主要体现在以下四个方面:其一、借助数字化地图,可提高近三百年我国河流、湖泊及海岸线变迁研究的精度;其二、可望破解以往一些历史政区研究的学术难题;其三、通过对该图的分层数字化,并建立相应的属性表,将形成一套以该图完成的1710年代为时间界面的覆盖目前中国大部分领土范围的国家基础历史地理数据库和地名数据库,将为历史地理及相关学科的研究提供便利;其四、通过对该图的数字化,并与此后各个时代绘制的相同地区的地图进行空间对比分析,可以研究我国地图测绘技术的变化,将进一步完善我国的测绘史研究。此外,还讨论了该图数字化过程中需要注意的问题。     

清至民国西宁至拉萨道路(青海段)分布格局的变迁——基于古旧地图及数字化的分析

西宁至拉萨道路是青海地区交通网中的主线,近代西宁至拉萨道路(青海段)分布格局的变迁代表了青海地区历史时期道路分布格局变迁的一般规律。基于中国国家图书馆所藏1935年《青海省三十万分一图》的数字化成果,结合其他时期的资料可复原出清初至1954年近三百年青海地区西宁至拉萨道路分布格局的变迁过程。驿站制度裁撤导致的清代官道系统崩溃,新式交通工具带来的新交通体系和民国时期青海地区的开发活动是近代青海地区道路分布格局变迁的三大驱动力。清至民国西宁至拉萨道路(青海段)分布格局的变迁,表现出历史时期复杂地形条件下道路分布格局易受多变的人文要素影响的特点。基于丰富实测地图资料的近代道路复原是准确复原古代道路的基础。     

利用BIM技术对麦积山第44窟虚拟复原初探

作为文化遗产虚拟复原的重要手段,BIM技术需明确其复原理念和方法.本文以麦积山石窟第44窟为例,阐述文献、数据、调查与技术相结合的数字化复原方法,所遇问题和复原意义,指出BIM技术在遗产虚拟复原中的独特性和价值,并对其发展进行展望,为日后的遗产保护和考古工作奠定基础.     

明清丝绸之路哈密—吐鲁番段“沙尔湖路”研究

明清丝绸之路哈密—吐鲁番段存在一条自哈密西南沙尔湖转西北至鄯善进而抵达吐鲁番的“沙尔湖路”,它与“黑风川道”“小南路”等传统路线均不同。利用《蒙古山水地图》等文献,可对沙尔湖路具体行经进行考证复原。该路沿线地形平坦,有泉水与植被,在明廷与吐鲁番、清廷与准噶尔在哈密的政治和军事对峙阶段曾广泛使用,后因泉湖干涸、气候炎热而中断。     

近代天津九国租界边界考

天津作为近代中国北方最重要的通商口岸,同时也是近代中国拥有专管租界数量最多的城市,于1860至1902年间先后设立了九个国家的租界。各国租界或历经多次扩张,或与相邻租界间重新协商划定边界,或发生租界兼并,边界几经变化,影响了近代天津的城市空间格局。在诸多历史地图和文献中,关于天津九国租界的边界缺乏统一的描绘,乃至错误颇多。本文对近代天津相关历史文献与历史地图进行考证,以期得出较为准确的近代天津租界边界地图。     

欧洲近代早期的中国地图所见之欧人中国地理观

本文以对德国柏林国家图书馆藏16至18世纪西文中国地图藏品的分析为基础,论述欧洲近代制图史上3种中国地图绘制模式的特征及其变异,以及此种继承性与变异性与近代早期欧洲人中国观的关系。     

社会变迁视野下的中国近代地图绘制转型研究

近代中国地图绘制转型不仅是绘制技术、印刷和出版技术的转型,而且是近代社会变迁的一部分,受到众多方面社会变迁的影响.可以说,中国地图绘制的转型是近代社会变迁的一扇窗户,一方面,可以透过这扇窗户看到整个社会正在发生的众多变迁;另一方面,只有理解了社会正在发生的众多变迁,才能更为透彻地理解映射在窗户上各种光影的变化.从社会变迁视角分析近代地图绘制转型,也是地图史料价值的展现.     

近代荆州驻防旗人社会变迁研究

八旗研究一直是清史研究中的热点问题,本文重点以近代荆州驻防为中心,以地方史文献资料为依托,对荆州驻防旗人社会的变迁以及清朝灭亡后的荆州旗人社会发展与瓦解的过程进行探究,对荆州驻防八旗在近代冲击下旗人社会变迁进行梳理,主要从教育、军事等方面入手,对荆州驻防近代教育发展,选派留学生、人才培养与学校建设上进行梳理,在军事方面,对新军的建设与军队组成进行探讨,力求对晚清八旗军队的转型进行研究,同时文章还涉及到辛亥革命时期荆州驻防八旗的种种反应,以研究驻防八旗对清政府维护地方统治的意义进行探讨,并且文章重点论述了清朝崩溃以后荆州旗人的生计问题,对民国政府的努力与旗人社会自我救助进行复原,对荆州驻防的善后进行重点论述.     

近代外国人对长江上游航道的地图测绘

本文系统考察近代外国人测绘长江上游航道的历史轨迹,认为以西方测绘技术为参照的现代航道图标准的确立,不仅是对晚清以来川江行轮兴起的地图表达,更意味着长江上游航道知识体系的"现代性"建构。同时,近代外国人对长江上游航道的地图测绘,借助各国政府、海军与近代中国海关洋员组织化、制度化的力量,逐渐成为西方对华"空间控制"的有力工具,通过生产符合其商业利益与殖民扩张的"普遍性知识",进而达到对传统长江上游水道舆图"地方性知识"的有效解码。     

Spatial pattern of land cover changes across Northeast China over the past 300 years

To accurately model the regional climatic effects of land use/cover change processes, precise reconstructions of historical land cover are essential. Over the past 300 years, the northeastern region has undergone more significant land cover change than any other region in China owing to large numbers of farmer migrants from North China, reflecting the tremendous effects human activities can have on such changes. In this paper, based on official statistical data, documentary records, survey data, and modern remote-sensing data and vegetation and soil maps, land cover changes across Northeast China over the past 300 years have been reconstructed through cropland data calibrations using correlation analysis, potential vegetation reconstructions, urban area estimations, spatial analyses of land cover type changes by K-mean clustering analysis, and consideration of land use driving forces. The results indicate that cropland expanded gradually from south to north through the cities of Shenyang, Jilin, and Ha’erbin as well as out to the margins of the central plain of Northeast China, with a maximum expansion occurring in the 1950s. Pristine forests and grasslands diminished significantly, especially in the early twentieth century, due to this expansion of cropland. The conclusions drawn from these results are, first, that these results provide a scientific understanding of the process by which the original land cover was replaced by cropland in Northeast China over the past 300 years. Second, the results enabled the development of a series of land use/cover changes maps with 50–100 year time resolutions and county-level spatial resolutions. Based on the reconstructed results of these land cover type changes, the dynamics and causes of land cover changes are discussed in their social–historical contexts.     

Monitoring Land‐Cover and Land‐Use Change in a Rapidly Urbanising Coastal Environment: the Maroochy and Mooloolah Rivers Catchments,Southeast Queensland, 1988–1997

Effective catchment monitoring requires an integrative approach for selecting remotely sensed data to monitor land‐cover change. Catchment analyses and monitoring requirements in the Maroochy and Mooloolah River Catchments (south‐east Queensland) were addressed by linking government and community information needs to appropriate scales of remotely sensed data and processing routines. A hybrid image classification approach applied to Landsat Thematic Mapper image data acquired in 1988 and 1997 provided catchment scale land‐cover maps (with accuracies of 73% and 84%). Land‐cover change maps derived from post‐classification comparison provided information on the spatial distribution and type of land‐cover changes between 1988–1997. Land‐cover change was dominated by activities related to urban residential expansion (suburban and rural residential) and agricultural expansion (sugar cane farms). Significant spatial variations in the geometric registration accuracy of the image data sets and classification accuracies produced moderate to low change detection accuracies. However, the framework and community consultation used for selecting and processing data ensured the resource managers and community groups were fully aware of the limitations of the land‐cover change mapping process and that the output images were suitable for incorporating in resource monitoring activities.     

The Use of Old Russian Land Survey Data in Geographic Research for Agricultural Purposes

Estate maps dating from the Russian general land survey of 1770–1781 are used to compile a historical map of land types, including cropland, forest, meadow, swamps, etc. The historical map is then compared with a modern soil map and a map of soil-forming parent materials to establish what effect, if any, past land types have had on present soil qualities. It is suggested that the better soils, in terms of drainage characteristics, were selected by man in the earliest stages of cultivation, and that poorer soils were put under the plow only subsequently as the crop area expanded. Some of these poorer soils have reverted, in the meantime, to grazing land. Soils long cleared of forest are found to have a higher carbonate horizon (effervescing with HCI) than soils more recently cleared of forest. The study area is Sapozhok Rayon of Ryazan' Oblast, southeast of Moscow.     

Integrating Landsat and Land Systems for Cover Maps in Southern Inland Queensland

Digital analysis of Landsat data is applied to up-dating land cover maps for the Goondiwindi district of southern, inland Queensland. The imagery was paired with climax cover maps obtained from land systems reports with analysis conducted separately for each of three climax cover types (open forest, woodland and open woodland). Computer classification using this approach produced readily interpreted and reliable results. This work demonstrates that Landsat can be used in conjunction with existing, land systems derived maps to produce data that combine the advantages of two approaches to environmental survey, the former being based on current land cover/land use and the latter on the original environment and its land use potential.     

Creating Ecologically Based Land Use and Habitat Maps Quickly and Cheaply to Support Conservation Planning at Local Scales: A New Zealand Example

Effective planning to support and enhance ecological values in sites of conservation interest requires accurate, comprehensive and detailed ecologically based maps and data, not only for the conservation site but for the wider landscape in which such sites are situated. In this paper we present an efficient and low cost method for combining appropriate technologies and available data to produce such maps at a landscape level. This method is described and evaluated using a case study of a land use and habitat map, with an associated geographic information system (GIS). The map was created for the district of Dunedin, New Zealand, an area of approximately 3340 km². This paper demonstrates how the map can be adapted for use by small, locally based conservation organisations that typically do not have the resources to obtain detailed, consistent and comprehensive spatial data for the areas they manage. The example of Orokonui Ecosanctuary is used to illustrate the potential applications of the map including mapping assets and habitats within a site and for exploring the relationship between the Ecosanctuary's internal and external habitats. External habitats can form a vital habitat network for many of the endangered species being reintroduced into the Ecosanctuary as well as a source of threats through potential reinvasion by pests and land use change. Though the mapping method presented in this paper is not necessarily new, it demonstrates the potential for utilising advances in mapping techniques and available data sets to offer a pragmatic support mechanism of practical value for small conservation organisations.     

地图学史视角下的古地图错讹问题

文章从地图学史的视角,结合历史地理学的最新理论进展,讨论了对古地图上错讹地理信息的合理认知和处理方法。古地图中的地理信息来源芜杂,兼有实际和想象的内容;且其表现形式多样,兼具实用和装饰目的。因此,古地图上的错讹必须以丰富的地图学史知识为基础,将其置于当时、当地的情境中去理解。文章以19世纪初以前中外古地图中对西沙群岛(帕拉塞尔)的表现为例,分析了错讹出现、维持以及最后消失的原因。作者认为,"古Pracel"的提法不符合地图学史,系对古地图地理信息的误读。     

康熙《皇舆全览图》和《乾隆十三排图》中广东地区图面内容的比较研究——兼与广西地区对比

康熙《皇舆全览图》系清初官方主导实测的经纬度地图,对清代直至民国初期地图的绘制产生深远影响。对其数字化可为自然、人文要素变迁研究提供这一时间断面具有相对准确位置的地理数据,这对自然要素的变迁研究尤为重要。以图中广东地区为例,采用不同的地图配准方法,结合历史文献,分析《乾隆十三排图》对康熙《皇舆全览图》的继承与发展,并与之前有关广西的数字化研究作比较。研究发现《乾隆十三排图》以康熙《皇舆全览图》为基础,使用相同的坐标系,但是两个地区坐标系的偏移程度不同,主要与地理配准方式有关;图面内容的承继也有差异,这与清初对两个地区开发程度有关。     

Estimates of Historical Tree Densities in the North Lachlan River Catchment,New South Wales,Australia

Vegetation structure and composition during the pre‐ and early‐European period in Australia is often proposed as a benchmark against which to measure the effects of modern landscape management practices. However, little quantifiable information exists for that historical period. One potential source of information is the land survey record, used in this study to provide estimates of tree densities that existed during the period 1870 to 1900 in part of central New South Wales. Estimates were obtained for 23 parishes in the north Lachlan River valley, between the towns of Condobolin and Tottenham. Densities were calculated from portion corner to nearest tree data obtained from historical survey plans, using the plotless, closest individual method. Densities ranged from 6.0 to 31.4 trees per hectare for parishes with enough data points for reliable calculation. These figures would account for trees of a diameter large enough to be blazed with a survey mark. Any smaller trees would be additional and, although no quantitative data existed for this, qualitative evidence suggested that the figures obtained were more likely to be underestimates due to the presence of such small trees. The study area was predominantly covered by woodlands which varied in density across the landscape, in comparison to the modern landscape where much of the native vegetation has been cleared for agriculture. Although the tree density figures should be considered to be indicative rather than precise, they provide quantifiable historical figures for past conditions in an area where the historical record is otherwise sparse. Such information is valuable for interpreting ecological changes brought about by modern land management.     

Fluctuations in land values in a rural municipality in southern Québec, Canada

The agro-forested region of the Haut-St-Laurent, in southwestern Québec, in Canada, has served as a laboratory for several years to a multi-disciplinary research team seeking to understand the interplay of stakeholders and processes influencing the rural space of southern Québec. Following directly in the footsteps of previous research, this study was undertaken to analyze the hitherto neglected but important aspect of fluctuations in land values with respect to geomorphology and land use, during the 1958–1997 period. A geo-referenced database was built within an object-oriented geographic information system (GIS) that includes data from the sale of parcels of land within the study area, land registry maps, land use maps, and a geomorphological map. These data were analyzed and sorted through queries addressed to the database. Finally, a statistical analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between sale price, geomorphology and indirectly land use, for the entire study period and for each of its decades. The results show that land value has increased at different times during the past, according to its geomorphological type and land use. These relationships are explained by the important transformation phases that have affected southern Québec during the second half of the twentieth century.