Reflections on Attending the WAC Ethics Committee Workshop

This short piece recalls my expectations for the Ethics Committee Workshop, reflects on how refreshing and stimulating it was to see all my expectations tumble, and concludes with further puzzlement about how to proceed. Supplementary abstract, written by Julie Hollowell: Joan arrived at Stanford with a specific interest in developing an International Code of Ethics with guidelines that would challenge archaeologists to carry out more responsible and ethical research abroad. She found that almost all of her preconceived ideas for such a Code were altered as a result of our discussions about the limitations of drafting a document specifying what was “good” or “bad” from a generalized perspective. The focus instead lay on the PROCESS of making ethical decisions, based on WAC principles, alternative ways of constructing an ethical outcome, and learning from case studies. She emphasizes that ultimately we will certainly want to weigh our suggestions for ethical-decision-making so that certain outcomes are favored over others and notes that this is where the application of social justice as a key organizing principle comes into play.     

The Initial Meeting of the WAC Ethics Committee

Audie was struck by how far many had come to attend the meeting at Stanford, making the time together all the more precious. He discusses the challenges of first, determining what WAC stands for by identifying core concepts and foundational principles, many of them embedded in existing WAC documents and, second, of where the organization should draw lines when faced with the contradictions that are a part of most ethical dilemmas. A Code of Ethics would not be expected to draw these lines, but to bring these conflicts and contradictions into sharper focus and provide a dialogue and forum for their discussion. One of the many things Audie contributed to the meeting was a discussion and definition of consultation with Indigenous peoples, based on his many years of experience. Another was helping us put our ideas in a visual form that enhanced our understanding.     

Reflections on Ethics at Stanford

Mindful of the need to be productive, Ian was caught a bit off-guard by some basic differences of opinion that emerged, specifically concerning WAC’s responsibility to intervene in situations of human rights issues that concern cultural heritage. His own assumptions about the similarity of perspectives on this issue that he expected to find among WAC colleagues were discomforted and challenged by this. Upon reflection, he better understands the historical and contemporary reasons for these differences and took this to be a good lesson in unsettling our assumptions, which is probably what WAC is all about.

---

Résumé Conscient de la nécessité d'être productif, Ian s’est senti un peu pris au dépourvu par l’expression de points de vue largement différents, notamment au sujet de la responsabilité du CMA d'intervenir dans des situations touchant à l’héritage culturel et impliquant la question des Droits de l'Homme. L’idée qu’il se faisait d’une probable convergence d’opinion sur ce sujet parmi les collègues du CMA s’est ainsi trouvée largement mise en doute et fragilisée par ces désaccords. A la réflexion, il comprend mieux les fondements historiques et contemporains à l’origine de ces différences et considère qu’il s’agit d’une bonne expérience incitant à déconstruire nos hypothèses, en accord sans doute avec un certain esprit du CMA.

---

Resumen Preocupadp por la necesidad de ser productivo, Ian fue tomado por sorpresa por algunas diferencias de opiniones que surgieron, especificamente en relación a la responsabilidad del WAC de intervenir en situaciones de los derechos humanos en el tema del patrimonio cultural. Sus propias suposiciones acerca de la similitud de perspectivas que esperaba encontrar en colegas del CAM en este tema ,fueron incomodadas y cuestionadas por esto. Despues de reflexionar sobre el asunto, él comprende mejor las razones históricas y contemporáneas de esas diferencias y considera que es ésta una buena lección para desestabilizar nuestras suposiciones, algo que probablemente sea de lo que se trata el WAC.

     

在中国地方志协会年鉴工作专业委员会首届学术年会上的讲话

(2006年8月21日)同志们:中国地方志协会年鉴工作专业委员会首届学术年会今天在乌鲁木齐市召开了。这次学术年会,中国地方志指导小组办公室非常重视,年鉴工作专业委员会做了认真的组织和筹备,新疆维吾尔自治区地方志编委会和乌鲁木齐市委、市政府给予了大力支持,承办会议的乌鲁木齐市党史地方志办公室的同志们,为会议的顺利召开,做了大量的、周密的准备工作,付出了辛勤劳动。在此,我谨代表中国地方志指导小组办公室、中国地方志协会年鉴工作专业委员会,向新疆维吾尔自治区地方志编委会、乌鲁木齐市委、市政府的领导同志及乌鲁木齐市党史地方…     

中国地方志协会年鉴工作专业委员会首届学术年会综述

为进一步提高年鉴的编纂质量,探索新时期年鉴的创新与发展,更好地发挥年鉴服务经济社会发展和化建设的功用,为正在开展的第二轮修志做好资料、队伍和理论准备,中国地方志协会年鉴工作专业委员会首届学术年会于2006年8月20--25日在新疆乌鲁木齐市召开。会议由中国地方志协会年鉴工作专业委员会主办,中国地方志指导小组办公室年鉴处和乌鲁木齐市党史地方志办公室联合承办,并得到中国地方志指导小组办公室、新疆维吾尔自治区地方志编委会、[第一段]     

《天演论》版本时间考析两题

<天演论>研究取得一定成果,也存在问题,研究者多关注严译主张是什么,而探讨<天演论>在知识界的传播路径,鲜有涉及.笔者试图以考证见思想,探讨<天演论>早期本子及其在思想界的传播情况以及舆论界的反应.     

The fusion of law and ethics in cultural heritage management: The 21st century confronts archaeology

Abstract

Archaeologists around the world face complex ethical dilemmas that defy easy solutions. Ethics and law entwine, yet jurisprudence endures as the global praxis for guidance and result. Global legal norms articulate ‘legal rights’ and obligations while codes of professional conduct articulate ‘ethical rights’ and obligations. This article underscores how a rights discourse has shaped the 20th century discipline and practice of archaeology across the globe, including in the design and execution of projects like those discussed in the Journal of Field Archaeology. It illustrates how both law and ethics have been, and still are, viewed as two distinct solution-driven approaches that, even when out of sync, are the predominant frameworks that affect archaeologists in the field and more generally. While both law and ethics are influenced by social mores, public policy, and political objectives, each too often in cultural heritage debates has been considered a separate remedy. For archaeology, there remains the tendency to turn to law for a definite response when ethical solutions prove elusive.

As contemporary society becomes increasingly interconnected and the geo-political reality of the 21st century poses new threats to protecting archaeological sites and the integrity of the archaeological record during armed conflict and insurgency, law has fallen short or has lacked necessary enforcement mechanisms to address on-the-ground realities. A changing global order shaped by human rights, Indigenous heritage, legal pluralism, neo-colonialism, development, diplomacy, and emerging non-State actors directs the 21st century policies that shape laws and ethics. Archaeologists in the field today work within a nexus of domestic and international laws and regulations and must navigate increasingly complex ethical situations. Thus, a critical challenge is to realign approaches to current dilemmas facing archaeology in a way that unifies the ‘legal’ and the ‘ethical’ with a focus on human rights and principles of equity and justice. With examples from around the world, this article considers how law and ethics affect professional practice and demonstrates how engagement with law and awareness of ethics are pivotal to archaeologists in the field.     

《天演论驳议》:科学与宗教视野中的进化论批判

进化论包含生物进化论与社会进化论,生物进化论主要源自达尔文。进化论在西方经由生物学界走向社会科学这一历程。就近代中国而言,进化论的社会反响远大于生物学界。严复译著《天演论》,将社会进化论本土化建构、诠释与救亡图存历史使命相契合,引起宗教界的反响。李问渔对《天演论》及进化论进行全面而深入地学理性批判。从"物理"层面来看,李问渔"辑译"《天演论驳议》,关注自然科学试验及考古发现,并与宗教神学结合起来,对进化论证伪。就"政理"层面而言,李问渔从先验的神学世界观出发,检视社会进化论。严复、李问渔对进化论证实或证伪,还涉及进化论与科学、宗教立场等的关系。在"西方学术中国化"的近代学术转型中,李问渔的影响远不及严复,李的反诘虽有些学理深度却未能在全国激起波浪,商榷的力度愈大,愈发增添社会进化论的思想魅力。     

抗战时期中央广播事业指导委员会历次会议记录选编(一)

1936年春,国民党中常会批准设置中央广播事业指导委员会,作为指导、考核及监督全国广播事业的机构。该机构由国民党中央执行委员会指定主任委员、副主任委员,并由中央广播事业管理处、宣传部、海外部、社会部、军事委员会、交通部、教育部、外交部、内政部、国际宣传处等机构派代表组成。1937年5月召开第五次会议后,因抗战全面爆发而暂停,1938年9月起恢复。本组史料辑录了全面抗战时期中央广播事业指导委员会历次会议记录,反映了该机构在战时广播电台建设、广播网设置、对内对外宣传等方面所起的作用。     

南诏时期洱海地区的白蛮语地名考释

白蛮语地名在南诏时期行政区划中出现频率较高,这些地方往往在政治、军事和经济上占有重要地位,在历来的南诏史研究中受到较多的关注。本文在前人研究基础上,运用藏缅语材料对白蛮语地名的含义作了考释,认为从总体上看其语源呈多样化,这与历史上该地的民族社会历史变迁息息相关。     

在水利部江河水利志工作指导委员会第一次全体会议上的讲话(摘要)

自 2 0 0 3年 1 1月 1日全国江河水利志工作会议召开以来 ,水利系统各单位以这次会议精神为指导 ,紧密结合各单位实际 ,围绕会议提出的目标和任务 ,积极开展江河水利志的各项相关工作 ,全国江河水利志工作进入了一个新的发展阶段。在 2 0 0 4年 1月 7日全国水利厅局长会议上 ,汪恕诚部长在工作报告中对江河水利志编修工作的重大意义和工作进展给予了充分肯定 ,指出要继续做好这项工作。2 0 0 4年 2月 1 6日 ,中国地方志指导小组召开三届三次会议 ,对地方志工作的方向、目标、要求等进行了新的部署和安排 ,这为水利部江河水利志工作进一步指…     

高句丽法律问题研究

本文以典籍中的一些记载和有关史实为依据,对高旬丽的法律内容作出概括、论证。揭示了高旬丽法律和司法的特征：渊源的多元性、内容的原始性、实施的残酷性。     

边疆的概念与边疆的法律

本认为在中国古代,边疆的概念有其特定的化含义。不仅如此,边疆概念还有特定的、不同于西方以主权概念为中心的含义。边疆概念的这种特殊性质与中国古代特殊的、以汉化为主体的多民族国家的政治传统和多元一体的化格局有关,反映在中国古代的立法和司法制度上就是边疆的法律与边疆的概念和边疆的民族之间呈现出一种历史性的波动和相对稳定的统一。作从这一角度对之进行探讨,弥补了相关研究的不足。     

高句丽族语言微识录

本文用比较对照的方法 ,从《三国史记·地理四》中解读了高句丽语言中的 2 0个词语 ,并且还发现有 10个高句丽语词语的读音与日本语的读音几乎完全一致。本文以含有高句丽语词语的资料为依据 ,初步判明高句丽族居民既讲高句丽本族语言 ,同时又能讲汉语 ;高句丽族使用的文字是汉字 ,而且是在两种情况下使用 ,即一方面按原意使用汉字汉文 ,另一方面使用汉字标记高句丽语的语音 ,将汉字作为一种标音符号 ,从而进一步论证高句丽文化是古代中华文化的一个重要组成部分     

"一个中国":中国共产党对台方针政策不变的原则--写在《反分裂国家法》颁布一周年之际

新中国成立以来,中国共产党的对台方针政策虽然经历了从"解放台湾"到"一纲四目"乃至"一国两制"的演变,但坚持一个中国、维护祖国统一、捍卫国家主权和领土完整,是其不变的原则.中共十六大以来,中共新一代领导集体在坚持原则的同时,寄希望于台湾人民,处理两岸关系更趋务实灵活,进一步加强了其在两岸关系基本格局中的战略主导地位.