张家坡M89年代为西周说——论西周高领袋足鬲

高领袋足鬲是先周文化研究中重点关注的器类,以往的研究多将其年代绝对化,认为高领袋足鬲只存在于先周时期。通过对张家坡类随葬高领袋足鬲的腰坑墓的重新认识以及宝鸡林家村墓随葬铜簋年代的再认识,可以证明高领袋足鬲的年代下限已经进入西周早期,以高领袋足鬲为代表的相关遗存的年代下限也已进入西周早期。     

二里岗上层青铜器对先周文化的影响

对有关渭河的周地以及这附近被发现的属于先周时代的陶器的观察,在原已被认为属于周文化的,包含高领乳状袋足分裆鬲一系的陶器群,及高领形、短领形连裆鬲群以外,还存在包含殷式样的鬲一系的陶器群。因此可以认为高领乳状袋足分裆鬲及连裆鬲文化的年代,为进入殷墟文化期的已成立了的先周文化期遗物。殷式样陶器群可区别于属二里岗文化的与属殷墟文化的陶器。属于二里岗文化的陶器分布于连结西安、蓝田、铜川的南北线以东,没有进入周原。但现在认为属于二里岗文化的一些青铜器在周原被发现,由于二里岗文化期进入周原的青铜器     

高领袋足鬲的研究

高领袋足鬲是指苏秉琦先生在《斗鸡台沟东区墓葬》中所说的瓦鬲墓初期A1型陶鬲。这类陶鬲的制作过程是先模制三个相同的圜底罐(即袋足),再将三罐口部用泥拼粘在一起,然后接上高领和足尖,最后加上耳、鋬和附加堆纹等(图一)。这样,这类陶鬲很自然地形成高领、三袋足和分裆三个基本特征,因而称之为高领袋足鬲,以强调其特征及与其他陶鬲的差别。有些领内有模糊的反绳纹,说明部分个体的高领也是模制的。目前所见高领袋足鬲标本基本都是通体饰有绳纹,分双耳、双鋬、无耳无鋬三种类     

战国秦墓姜戎文化群体特征之管窥——以宝鸡郭家崖秦国墓地为例

宝鸡郭家崖秦国墓地与周边同时代的大型秦国墓地具有显著区别,其特征表现为:洞室墓与设壁龛墓占据绝大多数,随葬器物种类较单一,仿铜陶簋、陶豆、附耳长颈方口壶、大喇叭口罐以及秦式鬲等未有发现,而戎式高领袋足鬲比较多见。戎式高领袋足鬲与洞室墓几乎同时出现的现象,既可相互印证彼此与姜戎文化的紧密联系,同时还从历史的角度验证了秦人与姜戎族在西周晚期直至春秋战国时的关系演变情况。     

郭家崖东周秦墓姜戎文化因素观察

郭家崖秦墓地是一处与居址共存的大型墓地。北区共发掘的37座秦墓葬时代为战国,除一座为南北向外,其它全为东西向布局。可分为竖穴土坑墓与洞室墓两大类。葬具比较简单,多数为一棺,部分为只有盖板,没有边板的立柱框架棺椁结构,还有瓮棺。葬式除2座不清、1座未发现遗骨外,其余全为屈肢葬式。随葬器物比较简单,以陶器为大宗。陶釜最为常见,以往常见的大喇叭口罐与陶豆、陶簋不见出现。M36、M41出土的2件戎式高领袋足鬲最为典型,属于姜戎文化序列,与M8出土的秦式弧裆鬲反映的完全是两种不同性质的文化。这类鬲分布区域与时代特征十分突出,是探讨先周时期羌戎文化与周、秦文化渊源关系的重要器物。     

斝、鬲渊源试探

以三袋足为特征的斝和鬲,在中国古代文化遗物中占有相当重要的地位,为学术界所关注。许多学者从不同的方面做过相当精深的研究。但迄今为止,关于此类器物的起源问题尚未完全解决。本文试图根据考古发现的资料,就此问题做些分析和探讨,就正于大家。 (一) 斝和鬲流行于新石器时代(主要是在黄河中下游地区)及商周时期。它们分布地域既广,使用时间也绵长,其形态、质料也较     

试论郑州地区的筒腹鬲

筒腹鬲是分布于燕山南北的夏家店下层文化遗址和墓葬中发现较为普遍和出土数量较多的一种器物,是夏家店下层文化最具代表性的典型器之一。中原的郑州地区也发现有夏家店下层文化的这种典型器物。郑州地区的筒腹鬲最早出现在夏代晚期,在商代数量有所增多,尤为重要的是发现有青铜筒腹鬲。从考古发现来看,中原地区的夏商文化与分布于燕山南北的夏家店下层文化通过太行山东、西两麓有着密切的文化互动。郑州地区发现的夏家店下层文化筒腹鬲,是伴随着先商文化在太行山东麓的南进而出现的。商文化中包括筒腹鬲、彩绘纹样和占卜技术等均受到了夏家店下层文化的强烈影响。正是由于夏家店下层文化对先商文化和商文化的深远影响,使得其不仅成为中华文化的有机组成部分,也伴随着商文化的强盛而发展成为对中国文化具有深远影响的一支考古学文化。     

湖北大悟夏家河遗址发掘简报

夏家河遗址位于湖北省大悟县高店乡夏河村,2008年11月~12月,为配合郑(州)武(汉)高速铁路建设,湖北省文物考古所对该遗址进行了抢救性发掘。遗址包含新石器时代和西周两个时期的文化遗存。新石器时代遗存发现有石家河文化晚期的瓮棺和房址,出土器物有鼎、钵、高领罐、缸、擂钵等。西周时期遗迹多为灰坑、烧土堆积和房址,从鬲、罐、盂、豆等器物组合和形态来看,相当于西周晚期。     

山东陈家河遗址西周陶器使用浅析

陈家河遗址延鲁北地区西周时期一处重要遗址,出土了一批包含典咽周文化特征和以素面鬲为代表的东夷土著文化的重要遗物,大致相当于晚商至西周早期山东地区东夷土著文化遗存,与长岛珍珠门、潍坊汇泉皮为代表的"珍珠门文化"一脉相承。陈家河遗址中尽管存在着素面鬲和绳纹鬲两种不同文化因素的器物,但可能不是由周人和夷人两个族群分别单独使用,而更可能是归某一族群使用,应是陈家河遗址的先人即接受了周文化的夷人族群所共用。     

2008年湖北省丹江口市观音坪遗址发掘报告

观音坪遗址是鄂西北重要的新石器时代遗址之一,其文化内涵主要包含屈家岭文化、周文化和汉代三个时期遗存。从观音坪遗址发掘的情况看,屈家岭文化仍承袭仰韶文化发展而来,陶器特征个体较大,鼎足形态较丰富,器盖钮多花边,器物腹部多按鸡冠状銴,其文化面貌既有中原文化特征又有江汉地区文化因素,反映出汉水中上游文化因素与周边文化此消彼长、相互交融发展,形成一种混融性地域文化特色。西周文化以包制鬲足、瘪裆鬲为特色,较多的保留了中原周文化风格,其文化因素的主体应源于中原周文化,属于周文化范畴,这充分反映出中原周文化对此地有较深的影响。东周时期出现了具有楚文化典型特征的联裆鬲和盂,反映出中原周文化对南方统治势力逐渐减弱,楚文化势力不断增强,形成一种独特的地域文化。通过本次发掘,进一步了解到观音坪遗址的文化面貌,对研究屈家岭文化的传承、中原周文化南渐以及楚文化的发展进程具有重要的学术价值。     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.