ON SOME PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE AND EUROPEAN RED WARES

When in the seventeenth and eighteenth century Chinese red ware from Yixing was imported into Europe, imitations of that ware, some of them delusively similar to the originals, were made in the Netherlands, Saxony, and England. With non-destructive energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis (ED-XFA) the Chinese and different European red wares can be easily separated by comparing the patterns of their calcium oxide, manganese oxide, and lead contents. They also have density characteristics of their own.     

THE REVALUING OF URBAN SPACE: THE GREEN PAPER FOR EUROPEAN CITIES AND THE CASE OF GREECE

In summer 1990, the Commission of the European Communities published a "Green Paper" on the urban environment as a first step toward establishing an integrated policy for European cities, focusing on the revaluing of public space whose degradation is considered a symptom of a deep-seated developmental and environmental crisis. This article addresses the questions raised by the Green Paper: the needs to which it responds, and the results to be expected; the extent to which the proposed themes cover a "full range of difficulties facing Europe's conurbations," given the diversity of urban space in the old continent. Finally, it considers the paper's relevance for Greek cities: this highlights the existence of non-discussed city typologies within the single European space, which means that the concept of the European city should be carefully re-examined and based on the social and cultural plurality and complexity of the European cities, rather than stressing the existence of a single city-type. The Green Paper, when seen not as a text of generalizing assumptions or an instrument for action, may very well act positively to open a debate that will reveal and answer the specificities and the problems of each city.     

世纪精品杰作 百年惠存留芳——世界最大最重金币研制生产

为了迎接人类跨入二十一世纪 ,向世人展示中国金银币的风采 ,受中国金币总公司委托 ,在中国印钞造币总公司的领导下 ,沈阳造币厂开发制作了千年纪念金币。该金币面向国内国际发行共 2 0枚。单枚质量 10ｋｇ ,成色 99 99% ,直径 180ｍｍ ,厚度为 2 4 3ｍｍ ,边部齿数 3 80个 ,面值 3 0 0 0 0元 ,为目前世界上最大最重的金币。该产品正面图案为中华世纪坛 ,背景为九龙盘绕 ,象征着中华民族的腾飞。有“千年纪念”、“中华人民共和国”及“2 0 0 0”字样 (见封面图 )。背面图案为一“眼”状的几何图形 ,意寓“放眼看未来”。边缘有云、水、日、…     

EDUCATION AND INCOME INEQUALITY IN THE REGIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION*

ABSTRACT This paper provides an empirical study of the determinants of income inequality across regions of the EU. Using the European Community Household Panel dataset for 102 regions over the period 1995–2000, it analyses how microeconomic changes in human capital distribution affect income inequality for the population as a whole and for normally working people. The different static and dynamic panel data analyses conducted reveal that the relationship between income per capita and income inequality, as well as between a good human capital endowment and income inequality is positive. High levels of inequality in educational attainment are also associated with higher income inequality. The above results are robust to changes in the definition of income distribution and may be interpreted as a sign of the responsiveness of the EU labor market to differences in qualifications and skills. Other results indicate that population ageing, female participation in the labor force, urbanization, agriculture, and industry are negatively associated to income inequality, while unemployment and the presence of a strong financial sector positively affect inequality. Finally, income inequality is lower in social‐democratic welfare states, in Protestant areas, and in regions with Nordic family structures.     

POLICY COMMUNITIES: THE BRITISH AND EUROPEAN POLICY STYLE

It seems possible to formulate broad characterizations of the British and European policy processes in terms of the relationship between government and interest groups. There is a preferred type of machinery in Britain, reflecting normative values, which is to avoid electoral politics and public conflict in order to reach consensus or “accommodation” in the labyrinth of consultative machinery. This style is aptly labelled “bureaucratic accommodation” and is a system in which the dominant actors are groups and government departments. Departments readily recognize the “relevant” groups in a given policy area and seek to mobilize the community around agreed policies. The predilection for the avoidance of conflict seems equally apparent in other Western European nations.     

SOME THIRD WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTIONS AND BEHAVIOURS CONCERNING URBAN WASTE: A SURVEY OF TECHIMAN, GHANA

Third World solid and semisolid urban wastes may contain human faecal matter, which is particularly hazardous to health. A survey of a typical West African city revealed five behaviours and five attitudes or perceptions associated with public and domestic refuse and its disposal, and some relationships with gender, educational level, and ethnicity. Actual health hazards were not generally perceived, nor was urban waste considered one of the three major urban problems. In the Third World as in the First World, urban waste constitutes a multifaceted problem whose resolution requires co-ordinated efforts on many fronts—economic, ecologic, and cultural.
Au Tiers-Monde, les déhets urbains solides et semisolides peuvent contenir des matières fécales humaines qui sont des facteurs de risque pour la santé humaine. L'enquête menée dans une ville typique d'Afrique de l'ouest revele cinq comportements et cinq attitudes ou perceptions associés avec les déchets publics et domestiques et leur enlèvement, et des relations statistiques avec le sexe, niveau d'éducation, et l'ethnie. Les dangers réels pour la santé n'ont pas été retenus, et, les déchets urbains n'ontpas été considérés comme étant un des trois problèmes urbains majeurs. Au Tiers-Monde comme dans les pays développés, les déchets urbains constituent un probléme très complexe dont les solutions requièrent les efforts coordonnes de plusieurs champs d'activité, que ce soit au niveau konomique, ecologique ou culturel.     

秘鲁时间的迷城

秘鲁,是野生动物的天堂,鸬鹚、火烈乌、鲣乌、鹈鹕、海鸥、仿佛是色彩魔方里的一块块拼图,用鲜艳的羽毛讲述着绚丽的自然之谜,而数以万计、不同种类的动物在这谜一般的土地上生息繁衍,谜一般地和睦共处了千万年。     

DEPROVINCIALIZING THE STUDY OF EUROPEAN IDEAS: A CRITIQUE

Though the fourteen contributors to this volume bring varied perspectives on method, most striking is their common engagement with contextualist approaches. While some of the essays advocate a temporally and spatially extended, renewed history of ideas with debts to Arthur Lovejoy, and are critical of excessive contextualization, several either defend contextualism, or the culture concept, or offer a more robust materialist foundation for the history of thought and culture. This review focuses on the logic and metaphors used to criticize contextual methods and highlights problems with both the new history of ideas and the new materialist gestures.     

世界热点地区的形成原因和主要地缘政治特征

本文通过对当前世界热点地区形成原因的分析,着重探讨了这些热点地区的主要地缘政治特征,并预测了这些地区未来的发展趋势。     

THE EUROPEANIZATION OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT: LOCAL STRATEGIES AND EUROPEAN SPATIAL VISIONS IN NORTHERN FINLAND

By exploring the Europeanization of current practices of regional spatial planning, this article sets out to demonstrate the evolution of the European integration project. Specifically, by creating spaces of engagement to which the local and regional actors are “forced” to adapt, the emergence of European spatial planning has made planning practices at the regional level more complex and complicated. As such, the present study contributes to the current understandings of Europeanization by exploring the European integration process through the geographical conceptualizations of space and scale. These conceptualizations are used to illustrate the multidimensionality, complexity and subtlety of the geographies of Europeanization. The empirical investigations show that regional and local spatial policies are strongly engaged – both explicitly through the “technicalities” and implicitly through the “mentalities”– to the spaces of Europeanization. The engagement affects the effectiveness of sub‐regional spatial planning by promoting mismatches between the strategic frameworks and the material practices of the policy. Overall, the article illustrates that the geographies of Europeanization are continuous processes, which take place – often unrecognizably – in manifold discursive and material practices in various geographical contexts.     

世界遗产:现代人类中心主义的实证

面对全球性的生态危机,人类中心主义遭到种种质疑,现代人类中心主义应运而生。现代人类中心主义的产生与可持续发展战略的提出不仅具有时间上的相关性,而且具有相同的问题背景,二者的价值取向有着惊人的一致。只有自觉地坚持现代人类中心主义,人类才有可能有效地实施可持续发展战略,实现真正意义上的可持续发展。现代人类中心主义在实践上的全面落实是一个相当长的历史过程,在当前历史条件下,世界遗产为现代人类中心主义提供了实证,并可望成为实现现代人类中心主义的典范。