灿烂辉煌话三川

三川地处民和回族土族自治县南部80公里处的黄河北岸,海拔1650米-1950米,平均气温10℃,包括官亭、中川、杏儿、甘沟、前河、满坪六个乡镇,总面积500多平方公里,总人口12万,其中土族近5万人,居住着土、汉、回、藏、撒拉、东乡、保安等民族,属甘青两省五县交界之处,东与甘肃永靖县毗邻,南与甘肃临夏州积石山保安族东乡族撒拉族自治县隔河相望,西南与青海循化撒拉族自治县接壤,西北与化隆回族自治县相接.     

1907年皖浙起事史料考辨

1907年徐锡麟、秋瑾等人筹划皖浙联合起事,是辛亥革命史上革命党十次武装反清之一,除清末民初的各种记载外①,各相关档案详略不等地先后收入了1949年后编撰的<辛亥革命浙江史料选辑>、<辛亥革命浙江史料续辑>、<秋瑾研究资料>②等多种资料集.其中,中国史学会主编、上海人民出版社出版的中国近代史资料丛刊<辛亥革命>因编者权威、资料集中、检索方便等因素,数十年来是研究辛亥革命史或相关课题者不可或缺的主体资料.     

通过绑架事件探讨中尼关系现状访中国社会科学院非洲问题专家刘乃亚

<华夏地理>:这次中国工人绑架事件是在什么背景下发生的? 刘:近年来,中国与尼日利亚经贸合作的力度不断加大.进入该国的华人凭借勤劳与智慧,在当地的口碑和影响力不断提升,当然也难免会引起一些不法之徒的注意.     

李白出生地在吐鲁番考

本文通过对范传正《唐左拾遗翰林学士李公新墓碑并序》所载"隋末多难,一房被窜于碎叶,流离散落,隐易姓名"等说的质疑和对相关地名的考实,证明李白的出生地不在中亚碎叶城,也不在哈密碎叶,而在今吐鲁番之地(故高昌城).     

摩洛哥彩色的童话

在非洲大陆的西北角,有这么一个奇妙国度,她四面“环海”:东南背靠撒哈拉大沙海,西临浩浩大西洋,北依地中海直布罗陀.她七彩缤纷,眩目多姿:从马拉喀什雕梁画栋的千姿百态到古城菲斯的天方夜谭,从卡萨布兰卡大清真寺的万般惊艳到梅克内斯的惊喜满途,从撒哈拉沙漠的漫漫黄沙到直布罗陀的天涯海角,更有舍夫沙万的梦幻蓝彩和艾西拉艺术小清新.毫不夸张的说,其万千姿彩绝对超出一般人的想象.     

编写志书应注意体现“简”字

<正>2010年,随着黑龙江省志编纂工作的深入开展,许多分志已完成了送审稿。笔者通过审阅部分送审稿,发现有些志稿文字较长,对资料未进行科学的分类归纳,缺乏高度概括和浓缩,使得志稿不够精练。在记述上语言繁杂,语句不顺。笔者认为,     

建设社会主义新农村的尖兵——访安徽省宿州市夏刘寨村支书王化东

在皖北宿州市,距凤阳小岗村100多公里的地方,一个叫夏刘寨的村庄,又在上演“红手印”的故事,但这边的故事与当年为大包干而摁手印的小岗村农民恰恰相反,是把分出去的土地重新集中了起来,并且还办理了公证。此事经媒体报道后,引起了安徽省省长王金山的高度重视,随后他批下了“建设社会主义新农村需要更多的王化东”等足有500余字的重要指示,分管农业的副省长赵树丛也相应做了批示。从而,“夏刘寨模式”传遍全省,影响及于全国。     

“秦权钱”质疑

清代后期多种钱币论著刊行于世,著录有称为秦代"权钱"的拓影。所谓"权钱",并非是流通货币,而是用于检验流通钱币是否符合标准的一种砝码,它取圆钱的形状,由古代官府铸造以防私铸劣钱。关于著录的"权钱",真假莫辨,研究者少有问津。曾维华教授从历史文献中看到,秦代铜钱并不存在所谓称量的说法。《睡虎地秦墓竹简·金布律》:"百姓市用钱,美恶杂之,勿敢异。"这个专门记载秦钱使用的律法,从根本上否认了这种"权钱"的存在。同时作者又从秦汉间"十"和"七"的不同写法,揭穿了"秦权钱"的虚假性,从而大胆否认了"秦权钱"的历史存在。宋代金石学经过元明的发展,清代进入了一个新阶段,范围不断扩大,其中的品类越来越多。好事者搜罗各种实物,加以描绘、捶拓取影,或加说明,编辑刊行,此类书的数量相当庞大。钱谱类书籍更是层出不穷,人们照谱识钱,作为觅钱之资。收藏古物从来是在雅俗之间,以欣赏、博物、怀古者为雅事,以居奇售卖者为俗态。只晚宋代起,贩售古物就夹杂假货,清代的假货多如牛毛,充斥市井。收藏家稍有疏忽,这类假古董就会混入,著录难免真伪杂陈。因而对于古代著录的古物,特别是清代以来的著录,研究者必先辨伪,此为头等大事。辨伪有文献证明、有考古实物验证,当然还有现代的科学技术手段。就这"秦权钱"而言,不仅理论上不能成立,字形上也有疑点,曾教授的文章已经论述透彻。但是有两点尚可以深入。其一,秦半两与汉五铢的钱形上有一个很大区别,秦半两钱无郭,汉钱有郭,如果"秦权钱"仿照秦钱,应是无郭,而著录却有郭。这个也是坊间伪造的过硬证明。其二,此类"秦权钱"并非全是作伪,那么它们不是"秦权钱",它应该是什么呢?其实在西汉陵山汉墓出土的实物,人们给了明确结论,这是"行乐钱"。那么在否定的同时应该适当的论述"行乐钱"的形制,这样,文章做到功德圆满了。     

《思想与时代》创刊号

抗日战争期间国内一批知名学者随清华、北大、浙大、中大、山大等学校迁至西南三省,由张其昀、张荫麟,贺麟、钱穆、朱光潜、谢幼伟等发起,在后方创办《思想与时代》月刊,因这些发起人和所在的学校分散于昆明、成都、乐山、遵义等地,便把编辑部设在贵州遵义的国立浙江大学,由浙大史地系主任张其昀负主编责任,于1941年8月1日在贵州遵义出版第一期(如图).因在该刊撰文者皆是学界精英,在一定程度上反映了当时国内人文社科学术研究的动态和水平,所以刊物出版后颇受欢迎,曾在全国学界风靡一时,影响极为深远.     

浙江千佛山循那一缕茶香抵达秘境

所谓禅茶一味,茶与佛历来有着密切的关系.又是一年春季来到,茶树蓬勃的嫩芽,经采撷、炒制,又幻化为一季的好茶了.而在佛教名山浙江千佛山,就辟有茶园,种植有茶树. 早年间,在这灵气逼人的玄妙佛境,有零星的野茶树散落在丛林间、秀水旁、云端里,在千佛山修禅的僧侣们亲手将这些野茶采撷收集后制作成佛茶饮用.不知是不是这些吸取天气之精华的茶叶具有了佛性,常年饮用这些佛茶的僧侣们个个身体强健,无病无疾,而且肤色细腻红润,光洁透亮,令人惊奇和艳羡.     

Early capital cities

The early capital cities are the key symbols of early Chinese civilization. By comparing the Erlitou site, Shang city in Zhengzhou, Shang city in Yanshi with Niuheliang site, Mojiaoshan site, Shijiahe site, Taosi site, and Wangchenggang site, the characteristics of the early capital cities could be drawn: First, it should have palace or palace city in big sizes; Second, the palace or palace city should be surrounded by living quarters for noble families, working areas for melting bronze, and quarters for sacrifice. __________ Translated by Chen Bo from Wenwu 文物 (Cultural Relics), 2006, (6): 56–60, 87     

可疑的繁盛——日军阴影下的都市女性文化探析

Wartime Shanghai (1937–1945) was a crucial period in women’s Yue opera history, during which the opera took roots in the city and was transformed into a modern art form. The opera established itself as a dominant presence in the city’s popular entertainment in the first half of the 1940s and gained national and international influence in the 1950s and 1960s with its masterpiece plays such as The butterfly lovers and Dream of the red chamber. The rise of women’s Yue opera in wartime Shanghai was more a ramification of long-term developments in urban migration, urban cultural transformation, and women’s integration into society that ran through the entire Republican even the early PRC periods. Translated and revised from Huadong Shifan Daxue Xuebao 华东师范大学学报 (Journal of East China Normal University), 2008, (2): 56–67     

明代中国历史趋势:帝制农商社会

Majority of contemporary Chinese historians have been employing a conceptual framework focusing on the difficulty of capitalistic development in China to analyze the historical trend and potentials of late imperial China. This approach based upon the presupposition of viewing the pattern of Chinese history as abnormal reflects with the remaining influence of the Western-centric methodology. Further, based upon a “normal” point of view, seven fundamental, irreversible, and systematical changes to the Ming society could be identified. By conclusion, China in the Ming period was transforming into an imperial agric-mercantile society. This process proves that late imperial China was not stagnate society without “history,” meanwhile, its pattern of development was clearly not identical to the Western style modernization progress. __________ Translated by Chen Cheng from Dongbei Shida Xuebao 东北师大学报(Journal of Northeast Normal University), 2007, (1): 5–13     

The expansion of water communication and transportation between north and south China during the Six dynasties

Although a split and turbulent age, the Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern dynasties, known as the Six dynasties, witnessed a continuous expansion of waterway communication and transportation between north and south China. A significant waterway from Hangzhou to Tianjin held the greatest potential for development during this period, eventually leading to the construction of the Grand Canal in the Sui dynasty. __________ Translated from: Wuhan Daxue Xuebao 武汉大学学报: 人文科学版 (Wuhan University Journal, Humanity Sciences), Vol. 2, 2004     

Behind the form: A historical analysis of the agriculture encouragement system in the Song dynasty

Using the political culture analysis method, this paper discusses the origin, contents and functions of the agriculture encouragement system of the Song dynasty, which originated from the pre-Qin period (221–207 BC). The main content of this system in its early stage is that in the early Spring days, the king symbolically ploughed a piece of land near the suburbs of his capital in order to send to his subjects a clear message of the importance he attached to agriculture. It was expected that peasants would be encouraged by his majesty’s guidance, and thus agricultural production of the countryside would be promoted. With the rationalization of the political system since the Qin period, agricultural encouragement gradually became a routine work of the Chinese governments at different levels. Under the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127), “agricultural encouragement envoy” was added to the official rank of heads of counties and prefectures. They each were required to take the responsibility of persuading peasants in their jurisdiction to work harder in the field. The actual work as an “agricultural encouragement envoy” in the Song dynasty was to go to the countryside to reward peasants with food and wine in early February, and to write an essay to express his encouragement, and to distribute it to the peasants. Formalistic as it is, the agricultural encouragement system is a typical manifestation of the traditional Chinese political culture. As one of its social impacts on the Song society, it helped the spread of advanced agricultural technology with its institutional basis. __________ Translated from: Zhejiang Daxue Xuebao, Renwen Shehui Kexue Ban 浙江大学学报: 人文社会科学版 (Journal of Zhejiang University, Humanities and Social Science), No. 1, 2004     

Several issues influencing the course of German history

The course of German history is very sinuous. German nationalism, the imbalance of the political and economic development generated by the influence of the historical and cultural traditions, the might of the Junker feudal aristocracy, the weakness of the bourgeoisie, the postwar reeducation of democratization imposed by the western allied powers on Germany, the developed education and technology, etc. are all important factors that influenced Germany’s history. __________ Translated from: Wuhan Daxue Xuebao, Renwen Kexue Ban 武汉大学学报: 人文科学版 (Wuhan University Journal, Humanity Science), No. 3, 2004     

The preliminary transition of the grass-roots government functions in the border areas jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong during the first half of the twentieth century

During the first half of the twentieth century, the social administrative functions of the grass-roots governments in the border areas Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong provinces showed apparent differences from the traditional government. There appeared a gradual transitional tendency to the modern society in aspects such as the specialization of administrative bodies, the communalization, corporation and trade orientation of the mass organizations, and the social control as well as attaching importance to conducting, serving and constructing the social communal facilities in the social economic context. Consequently, the transformation should be regarded as one of the stages in the progress of the social transition since the Late Qing dynasty. __________ Translated from: Wenshizhe 文史哲 (Journal of Literature, History and Philosophy), No. 1, 2004     

追寻现代性:民国上海言情文化的历史解读

The rise of the melodrama as a literary and theatrical genre appears to have had a co-relation with the rise of industrial cities in modern times around the globe from Europe, North America, to East Asia. In China, this phenomenon manifested itself in the yanqing (lit. speaking of feelings) genre that dominated the popular culture scene in Shanghai in the most part of the twentieth century. While the yanqing genre was an expression of particular Chinese modern experiences, it also provided a channel for these local experiences to partake in and enrich a global experience of modernity. This study shows how yanqing arts helped ordinary Shanghai residents deal with changing patterns of gender, love, and family relations in the fast-growing and modernizing city. Through such re-examination of the yanqing culture this study tries to shed new light on some important questions in modern Chinese history and help correct traditional elite views of this history. Translated from Shilin 史林 (Historical Review), 2006, (4): 70–79 Parts of this article have been presented at the international conference, “As China Meets the World: China’s Changing Position in the International Community, 1840–2000,” held at Vienna, May 15–19, 2004; and “The First Modern Chinese Social History Conference,” held in Qingdao, Shandong, August 2005. It is modified by the author when translated into English.     

中国对日、韩、越三国科举的影响

China’s imperial examinations greatly influenced the East Asian world. Japan imitated it during the eighth to tenth centuries; its subjects include xiucai, mingjing, jinshi, mingfa, as well as medicine and acupuncture. Korean imperial examinations are the longest and most comprehensive ones among other East Asian countries. Vietnam was the last to abolish the imperial examinations. All three East Asian countries imitated China in their imperial examinations, which greatly raised their cultural levels. Translated by Yang Chunyan from Xueshu Yuekan 学术月刊 (Academic Monthly), 2006, (12): 136–142     

Some Late Ming Western Technical Terms and Their Implications for Cultural Transformation: “Brain,” “Geometry,” “Globe,” and “Cathay”

The cluster of technical terms that the Jesuit Matteo Ricci and his Chinese partners Xu Guangqi and Li Zhizao cotranslated and introduced into Chinese in the late Ming dynasty was of significance for Chinas cultural transformation. For instance, “brain” replaced “heart” as a specific term referring to the organ of consciousness and memory. The classical Chinese interrogative numeral jihe was used to represent the core mathematical term “geometry”. Diqiu, meaning “the globe of the earth” in English, was minted to amend the traditional hemispherical dome cosmology. The identification of “Cathay” with China clarified the ambiguity in the Western geographical concept of the Far East, which had existed since the Middle Ages. Translated from Wuhan University Journal (Humanity Sciences), No. 6, 2003