Measuring the performance of planning: the conformance of Italian landscape planning practices with the European Landscape Convention

The assessment of the performance of planning is debated. The evaluation of the conformance of a given national planning system with a set of principles is similarly received with critical and favourable remarks. A relevant case study consists of the conformance of European landscape planning practice with the principles of the European Landscape Convention (ELC). Italy incorporated in 2004 the principles of the ELC with the Code on Cultural Assets and Landscape (CL), which opened the way for new laws, tools, observatories and atlases. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the usefulness of an assessment exercise concerning the conformance with the ELC of planning practice in Italy. We scrutinize planning systems and tools established by peripheral administrations, according to a qualitative and comparative framework. We refine our analysis by focusing on 10 most recent cases and identifying critical issues in current landscape planning practice. The results are promising and show that landscape planning in Italy is increasingly in line with the ELC.     

论区域旅游规划中的景观文脉整合

景观文脉是目的地景观的文化内涵及其相互联系,在区域旅游规划中通过文脉整合可以体现区域特色,增强各个景观的内聚力而促进旅游业的持续发展。本文运用文化地理学的观点,从对区域景观文脉的认知入手,论述了区域旅游规划中景观文脉整合的重要性,最后阐述了区域旅游规划中景观文脉整合的方法。     

Capturing spatial patterns of rural landscapes with point cloud

Over the past few decades, rural landscapes have been the subject of increasing international cultural heritage research, and one of the most important issues under investigation at both theoretical and pragmatic levels concerns how to identify the spatial character of rural landscapes for conservation purposes. This article establishes an innovative approach adopting a cultural landscape perspective with the support of point cloud technologies to capture spatial patterns of rural landscapes. This approach was explored by reference to Tunpu villages in Guizhou, China—these being a specific kind of military fortress settlement. Cultural landscape values and landscape characters of Tunpu villages were identified using historical research and document analysis. Aerial and terrestrial photogrammetry and laser scanning systems were combined to collect and process spatial information at environmental, village, and architectural scales. Point cloud models can quantitatively represent villages' spatial patterns and inform the interpretation of their heritage significance. We conclude that the strengths of point cloud technologies could meet the requirements of rural landscape heritage documentation from a cultural landscape perspective. This mixed‐technology approach could also greatly improve the efficiency and precision of traditional rural landscape documentation, which has the potential to change methodologies applied to rural landscape research and management.     

A tale of two scales, or the two geomorphologies

Since the 1960s the analysis of small-scale surface processes has been the dominant approach in geomorphology, the previous focus on regional-scale landscape evolution having been largely abandoned as a result of the lack of knowledge of processes and process rates at the relevant temporal and spatial scales. It has recently been acknowledged that small-scale, surface process geomorphology alone is unable to provide an understanding of long-term landscape development, both because of the significance of tectonics, and because of the important role of contingency at the large temporal and spatial scales involved. But the major advances in geochronological techniques and numerical modelling of landscape evolution that are now revolutionizing our understanding of long-standing questions of landscape evolution have been largely developed and applied by researchers from outside the traditional geomorphology community. As a result, two distinct communities of researchers have emerged concerned with different scales of landform analysis, but the progress of geomorphology will be best served by greater interaction between them.     

转型期乡村多功能性及景观重塑

本文以全球化为背景,阐述了基于乡村发展多功能性和景观功能的概念。乡村多功能概念的兴起,为重新审视乡村地域自力发展带来一种机会,而乡村景观多功能可能是塑造乡村地域多功能的潜在动力和机制。构建乡村景观多功能的目的,主要在于保护和改善农村环境,以维持生物多样性之生态功能和作为旅游和特色文化场所的社会－经济功能,以及传承历史之文化功能。对于现阶段转型中的乡村,应该妥善规划和运用并积极重塑景观的多重功能。通过乡村多功能和景观重塑之讨论,可以为乡村地域景观重塑规划实践策略提供一种新视角。     

美国绿色空间理论、实践及启示

本文介绍了绿色开敞空间概念,研究了美国城市公园系统、区域整体、绿道、自然风景、景观生态规划、大地景观、纽约城乡规划设想等重要理论,概述了其绿色空间发展历程,分析了美国自然风景园、公园运动、国家公园、开放空间规划、绿道等实践。最后,从自然风景名胜区体系、绿色空间区域生态化、绿色空间自然化、绿道网络化、园林创新、绿色开放系统等方面探讨了美国绿色空间理论与实践对我国的重要借鉴和启示。     

书法景观在景区旅游意象构建中的作用研究——以西安碑林为例

书法景观作为重要的文化景观,为游客提供多重信息,对游客感知和行为产生重要影响。纵观书法景观和旅游意象研究,尚不存在书法景观应用性价值研究及景观元素对目的地旅游意象构建作用的实证研究。本文以西安碑林为例,通过对书法景观功能维度进行划分,构建结构方程模型,探讨书法景观在景区旅游意象构建中的作用,为未来旅游规划和发展提供建设性指导。研究表明书法景观在旅游意象构建中发挥了积极作用,且不同的书法景观功能维度(审美体验功能、地方认同功能、行为导向功能)对景区旅游意象构建中的作用方式及强度不同。     

Landscape as a Medium for Integration in Design Practice: The Case of Flanders,Belgium

The twenty-first century has seen a remarkable revival of interest in landscape by disciplines of spatial design, such as landscape architecture, urban design and architecture. Inspired by the principles of the European Landscape Convention (ELC), several authors have suggested extending the concept of landscape into a metaphor for inclusive multiplicity and pluralism in design and planning. However, the implementation of the ELC is rather complex as it deliberately contains no methodological or practical guidelines. In this paper, we explore whether or not the holistic approach towards landscape in the spirit of the ELC actually affects Flemish design in practice. To this end, we study interviewees' perspectives on the use of landscape in design and their experiences with it by means of a qualitative interpretive research design with multiple triangulation of data collection methods. First, we present the perspectives of the study on landscape as a medium to facilitate integration in design projects, by discussing four separate topics where this is the case. Second, we conceptualize the integration of landscape in spatial design as an expertise which can be obtained by spatial designers, regardless of their disciplinary background through awareness-raising, training and education.     

美国乡土景观研究理论与实践——《发现乡土景观》导读

《发现乡土景观》①一书是美国"乡土景观之父"杰克逊关于文化景观研究的力作。杰克逊建立了美国乡土景观研究的理论框架:两种理想景观--政治景观和栖居景观,以及三种景观原型--景观一、景观二、景观三。在此框架下,探讨当代美国乡土景观的典型要素:平面空间、乡村小镇、乡土建筑、可移动房屋、石材与木材、科技风格、新型公园、新田园。该书提出的乡土景观研究方法论、乡土景观内涵的理解等,对当代中国景观研究和景观设计具有重要参考意义。     

江苏省地理景观与美丽乡村建构研究

乡村审美空间蕴含着内在和深刻的人地关系理念内容,比经济效应有更深的自然情怀,是可持续发展的思想感情基础,也是现代景观规划的重要研究课题。城市化发展过程中自然地理脉络破坏对于乡村景观是致命的。探讨以多尺度层面的地理景观建构乡村审美空间:在区域大尺度范围内设计地理视域观赏空间;在镇域中尺度范围内将生态文明和社会经济发展要求安排在景观空间格局配置中;在乡村小尺度范围内造就素雅含蓄的村落景观。江苏省乡村具有四千年的历史,留下珍贵的人地关系文化遗产和审美烙印。从地理景观形态结构、格局演化进程与机理响应对照乡村审美空间景观,建构和谐安宁的画面境界;最终造就广阔地域的"美丽乡村"。     

基于景观生态的亚热带沿海景观及旅游保护性开发探讨——以福建省为例

沿海景观作为海洋景观与陆地景观的边界,是特色鲜明和空间异质性突出的系统整体。同时沿海地区一直是人类开发较早、人地关系紧密、系统物能交换最频繁、最集中的区域,对海-陆-气系统耦合力和内外营力具有高度的敏感性,因此保持沿海景观的生态整体性尤为重要。研究沿海景观的景观体系和开发利用,目前在我国仍属于薄弱环节。本文评述福建沿海景观分类并概括其生态特征,应用景观生态的原理,探讨福建沿海景观旅游保护性开发模式,构建和谐稳定的景观格局。     

自然风景区控制性规划初探——以山里泉旅游景区为例

论文以山西省泽州县山里泉旅游景区为例,论述了景区控制性详细规划的理念和方法。介绍了规划界限、规划红线的调整、建筑和环境融合的控制、山水景观的创造、环境容量的预测及规划成果的调整等内容,较为妥善地处理了自然风景区开发与山水保护利用之间的关系,建构了人与山水的和谐关系。旨在通过它,探讨在旅游景区的控制性详细规划中如何因地制宜的保护和创造山水景观特色,丰富和完善控规的理论和方法。     

中国古代园林设计中的自然理想观

自然地理环境早先与现代都对人文传统的景观有很大影响。中国古代风景园林发源于自然生态环境的审美选择,进而以顺乎自然的设计指导思想求得"虽由人作,宛自天开"的审美标准,更有人与自然相与融洽的审美理想。西方古典园林中人造的几何规则景观超越于一切自然。在现代中国盲目模仿西方城市摩天大楼景观的时候,现代西方城市规划学者正致力于研究中国古代先哲的思想精髓和古代文化遗产,为塑造现代人居环境的自然协调寻找新的灵感启迪。     

On reductionism and emergence in geomorphology

Much geomorphological enquiry has been devoted to the understanding of landscapes via the construction of models based on the relationships between process and form. This paper examines the philosophical, theoretical and practical problems involved in bridging the gap between studies of geomorphological processes and explanations of landscape development. It argues that process geomorphology is essentially reductionist and discusses the practical and logical limitations of such an approach to science. It suggests that landscapes are emergent phenomena and, by drawing from the philosophical and practical lessons derived from the physics of non-linear systems, demonstrates that they are not amenable to reductionist explanations.     

城市公园视觉景观质量的影响因素分析——以北京市紫竹院公园为例

本文将主客观评价法相结合,对北京市紫竹院公园视觉景观质量影响因素进行分析。课题组实地评价并拍摄照片,室内请评判者给照片打分评出美景度分值,请专家对主观性因子评价,与实地评价结果做一致性检验;对两种方式获取的数据进行方差分析、相关分析,并建立线型回归模型。结果表明:主观性因子的实地评价和室内问卷评价结果具有一致性;专业背景不同不影响评判者对景观美景度的评判结果;美景度与区内因子呈正相关,与区外因子呈负相关;区内的3个因子更能影响对景观的评判,其中,自然景观所占比例影响最为显著。     

基于旅游景观认知结构的城市旅游区景观空间配置研究——以西安旅游区为例

国外对旅游景观及其评价的研究已由客观到主观,由宏观到微观,由对景观特征研究延伸到对其内涵的研究,由景观形态到对其功能的研究。在城市旅游区,不同旅游者和城市居民通过"理解"所经历过的空间对其自身生活或旅游的"意义",产生对不同旅游景观区的认知,从而形成旅游认知景观结构。本文以我国城市旅游区(西安)为例对区域旅游景观结构进行探讨,并对景观(要素)空间配置的应用进行了研究。     

旅游度假区的景观生态设计思路

旅游度假区作为一种重要的旅游地,必须提供良好的服务设施和优越的生态环境背景。按景观生态的思路设计旅游度假区,对保持旅游度假区功能畅通、环境优美具有重要的意义,还能有效保护度假区及其周边重要的环境与资源,是旅游度假区开发成败的关键要素之一,因而具有重要的研究价值。论文从旅游度假区功能和结构分析入手,在提出旅游度假区景观生态设计的原理、原则以及目标的基础上,分别探讨了旅游度假区景观构成中的人工斑块、自然斑块和廊道的景观生态设计思路。提出人工斑块的设计要做到建筑与环境的契合、控制人工建筑物的高度和面积密度、保持人工建筑物的特色化和相对一致化、从景观产品的角度来规划设计建筑物;自然斑块的景观生态设计要做到保持足够比例的自然景观生态区域作为户外康体休闲活动场所;廊道的景观生态设计要做到引景道路、内部游径等的功能和景观效果的最佳状态,要以园林的设计思路来设计旅游度假区。     

神话与宗教中理想景观的文化地理透视

神话与宗教是原始的哲学和宇宙观,理想景观是其中一个重要组成部分。根据文化圈的不同,世界神话与宗教可划分为三种地域类型:中国式、希腊式和希伯莱式。它们各有其不同的理想景观类型。理想景观是人们对于环境的选择和改造,它的形成受自然环境和文化的双重作用,其中自然环境的作用是潜在的、基础性的,而文化的作用是直接的和本质性的。不同的文化通过神话和宗教中的理想景观类型来表达自己的景观理想,又依据这些理想,通过地理回归在现实中使其物化,实现对地理环境的影响。     

试论城市景观生态建设问题——以兰州市南北两山生态建设为例

本文阐述了景观生态学在城市景观生态建设中的应用。认为在城市景观生态建设中不仅要关注城市生态平衡,还要在生态建设规划中注重城市居民休憩园地(如城市森林公园、园林公园)建设,以及都市农业的协调发展等问题。     

城市区位景观尊严规划研究

20世纪60、70年代以来,西方发达国家的城市景观空间研究由"物质景观"转向了"物质与文化景观并重"的研究,其本质在于从人本主义视角探究不同景观的区位价值和区位重构关系,尤其关注城市日常生活空间质量观下的人居环境景观与景观的社会公正配置与规划,从而响应不同的区位价值,满足阶层化下的人的区位尊严需求。本文重在从行为文化区位景观价值视角探讨城市区位景观价值的演变特征、区位景观理论的内涵与构成及区位文化景观尊严规划的原理构成等。