旅游产业集群:旅游地理学研究的微观领域

产业集群是近年来经济学、地理学、管理学、社会学等学科共同关注的热点问题,旅游产业集群的研究也开始引起重视。旅游地理学开展旅游产业集群的研究一方面有助于从经济和地理的角度对旅游产业集群集聚机制和空间机理的阐释,另一方面也将弥补旅游地理学对于旅游经济微观主体-旅游企业间联系与空间关系的不足,为旅游地理学研究拓展微观研究领域。本文分析了目前国内外学术界和实践领域对于旅游产业集群的论证以及对旅游产业集群概念的阐释和旅游产业集群理论的研究,提出了旅游地理学对旅游产业集群研究的必要性,认为旅游地理学研究旅游产业集群具有综合性、空间性和应用性等学科优势,最后指出旅游地理学研究产业集群主要应从旅游产业集群的形成机理分析、旅游产业集群内企业的竞合关系与创新机制、旅游产业集群的空间结构和布局以及旅游产业集群与区域经济的关系等方面入手,并应通过大量案例支撑理论研究。     

旅游者对旅游“非营利”理念的感知研究——基于扎根理论

旅游资源从根本上看具有公益性特点,与“非营利”理念高度契合,两者相互结合的研究具有现实的必然性和理论的可行性。本文采用扎根理论的研究范式分析了旅游者对旅游“非营利”理念的感知,主要结论有：（1）旅游者普遍认为旅游“非营利”理念目前在我国几乎不存在,但却是大势所趋;（2）旅游者对旅游“非营利”理念的期望发展方向在宏观上表现为政府法规监管等9大方面;（3）旅游者对旅游“非营利”理念的期望发展方向在微观上表现为21个小范畴,且在健全监督机制、税收优惠等方面的期望较为集中。（4）旅游者对于如何从自身做起践行“非营利”理念的认知程度很低,国人的旅游“非营利”理念亟待培养。     

A special responsibility to protect: the UK,Australia and the rise of Islamic State

In the summer of 2014 Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) emerged as a threat to the Iraqi people. This article asks whether the UK and Australia had a ‘special’ responsibility to protect (R2P) those being threatened. It focuses on two middle‐ranking powers (as opposed to the US) in order to highlight the significance of special responsibilities that flow only from the principle of reparation rather than capability. The article contends that despite casting their response in terms of a general responsibility, the UK and Australia did indeed bear a special responsibility based on this principle. Rather than making the argument that the 2003 coalition that invaded Iraq created ISIS, it is argued that it is the vulnerable position in which Iraqis were placed as a consequence of the invasion that grounds the UK and Australia's special responsibility to protect. The article addresses the claim that the UK and Australia were not culpable because they did not act negligently or recklessly in 2003 by drawing on Tony Honoré's concept of ‘outcome responsibility’. The finding of a special responsibility is significant because it is often thought of as being more demanding than a general responsibility. In this context, the article further argues that the response of these two states falls short of reasonable moral expectations. This does not mean the UK and Australia should be doing more militarily. R2P does not begin and end with military action. Rather the article argues that the special responsibility to protect can be discharged through humanitarian aid and a more generous asylum policy.     

南京大学旅游地理学的历史回顾与研究展望

旅游地理学是一门关于研究地表旅游现象的人地关系作用规律及其规划实践的科学,是地理学衍生的具有相对独立专业知识体系的分支学科。南京大学以及中国旅游地理学的发展最早可追溯到任美锷1940年在《地理学报》发表的《自然风景与地质构造》一文。改革开放后,南京大学旅游地理经历两个阶段:1979-2002年,旅游地理深植于传统优势的地理学科;2002至今,旅游地理向纵深发展,在国内外核心期刊发表论文600多篇。在《地理学报》、《地理研究》、《地理科学》等地理学权威期刊上,南京大学发表旅游论文数量位居国内所有高校与科研院所的首位。重点研究领域有旅游地理学的基础理论与方法、旅游资源评价与区域旅游开发、旅游环境变化与旅游人地关系等三个方面。篇末展望了旅游地理学中旅游资源评价、旅游市场分析、旅游空间结构、区域旅游影响、旅游规划理论、旅游地理范式等基本问题的研究趋势。     

旅游体验前后日常环境行为对具体地点环境行为的影响——以大学生黄山旅游体验为例

明确日常生活中与旅游情境下环境责任行为之间的关系对于推进个体环境责任行为具有重要意义。将黄山旅游体验操作化为体验经历，以同一批次黄山旅游者游前、游后的环境责任行为调查数据为基础，运用Smart PLS软件，基于最小二乘法，对游前和游后的日常环境责任行为对具体地点环境责任行为之间的影响关系进行检验。研究结果表明：①游前和游后数据均显示，日常环境责任行为不同维度均部分影响具体地点环境责任行为，但影响有限。②行为之间相似性越高，越容易产生影响。③旅游体验后的日常环境责任行为对具体地点环境责任行为的影响略大于游前两者之间的影响，旅游体验可能会增强行为之间的正向影响。     

Does global egalitarianism provide an impractical and unattractive ideal of justice?

In his important new book National responsibility and global justice, David Miller presents a systematic challenge to existing theories of global justice. In particular, he argues that cosmopolitan egalitarianism must be rejected. Such views, Miller maintains, would place unacceptable burdens on the most productive political communities, undermine national self‐determination, and disincentivize political communities from taking responsibility for their fate. They are also impracticable and quite unrealistic, at least under present conditions. Miller offers an alternative account that conceives global justice in terms of a minimum set of basic rights that belong to human beings everywhere. Primary responsibility for securing such rights for an individual lies with his or her state, but in so far as these rights go unprotected, responsibilities for fulfilling them may fall on outsiders. While less ambitious that cosmopolitan egalitarian justice, Miller argues that his own view would nevertheless enable us to articulate what is most morally objectionable about our current world. In this article it is argued that none of Miller's critiques of cosmopolitan egalitarianism is effective, and that while certainly preferable to the status quo, a world governed by Miller's principles is not an attractive ideal.     

基于负责任旅游的政府管理行为

研究旅游,不仅要分析它的发展,还要考虑其所产生的影响。在个人、企业和国家层面都可能存在负责任或不负责任的行为所导致的正面或负面影响。负责任旅游的核心是要采取一种能使旅游的正面影响最大化、负面影响最小化的旅游发展方式,它主张旅游行为主体通过自律性的负责任行为约束途径,而不是期望他人的道德行为实现旅游可持续发展的目标。本文探讨了政府在负责任旅游管理中的行为,包括制定负责任旅游伦理规范、政策以及负责任旅游认证制度建设等,并对认证制度建设中如何构建负责任旅游认证的指标体系提出相应的构想。     

非自然景观在旅游规划实作中的运用--以"老重庆"为例

本文总结了我国近几年旅游规划在实际操作中的利弊得失,指出要给游客留下深刻印象首先就要做到突出地方精神和地方特色,在阐释非自然景观含义的基础上本文得出结论：非自然景观正是表现这种地方精神的最佳载体,接着本文分析了如何在旅游规划实作中正确运用非自然景观因素表现地方精神以及这种运用所带来的巨大吸引力,最后以重庆市大渡口区“老重庆”城旅游规划为例,从调查分析中总结出重庆的地方精神在于其非自然景观要素,在此基础上从主题营造、特色分区和景观设计三方面集中探讨了非自然景观在旅游规划实作中的具体操作。     

陕北地区文化生态旅游开发的价值体系与提升策略

文化生态旅游在概念上已初步形成广泛的共识,成为一个热门的研究课题,其与文化旅游和生态旅游有着许多相互关联,本文对这三个概念进行了辨析。文化产业近年来在我国得到了广泛的重视,陕北地区拥有丰富的文化资源和生态特色,本文对陕北地区发展文化生态旅游的背景进行了分析,并构建了陕北地区文化生态旅游开发的价值体系,其包括资源价值、投资价值、产业价值、品牌价值和生态价值,最后,本文为陕北地区文化生态旅游开发的价值提升提出了几点策略。     

基于《Tourism Geographies》的近十年国外旅游地理研究进展

《Tourism Geographies》是国外旅游地理研究最具代表性的期刊之一,及时回顾国外旅游地理研究最新进展可为国内相关研究提供重要参考。本文首先采用CiteSpace知识图谱绘制软件统计分析了《Tourism Geographies》2008-2017年的449篇文献,从历年发文量与被引用情况、作者、研究机构、研究方法以及研究热点等方面阐述了国外旅游地理研究特征与研究趋势;其次,系统综述了旅游目的地、旅游者行为、旅游影响、生态旅游与可持续旅游、旅游市场营销等热点领域的研究进展,并在此基础上展望了国外旅游地理学未来的研究趋势;最后,依据国内外旅游地理研究差异,从研究方法、研究尺度以及研究范式等方面阐述了国外旅游地理研究对中国旅游地理学的启示。     

Promoting tourism through the EU LEADER programme: understanding Local Action Group governance

ABSTRACT

For many European rural areas, the rural development programmes based on the LEADER approach constitute the main policy for promoting tourism. Going a step further than a rural development programme, LEADER represents an ideal method for overcoming some of the challenges involved in rural tourism development, such as the integration of tourism supply through public-private organizations or the coordination of multi-level policies. Despite its potential, there are difficulties involved in putting this approach into practice. This article aims to provide in-depth understanding of the challenges faced by some managers responsible for developing tourism strategies through the LEADER approach. To do this, semi-structured in-depth interviews have been held with Local Action Groups managers from Castilla-La Mancha (Spain). The main findings reveal that the actions of regional governments lead to the limitation and strangulation of the principle of subsidiarity according with the LAG manager? opinion.     

Travelling down the road to postdisciplinarity? Reflections of a tourism geographer

Like many other forms of scholarship in geography, tourism geography has evolved as a distinct subfield of inquiry within the discipline, although the contributions of tourism geographers are perhaps more readily acknowledged in the multidisciplinary realm of tourism studies. I trace the evolving relationship of tourism geography to both the discipline of geography and to the field of tourism studies. In doing so, I reflect on such influences as the role of institutions, paradigm shifts, technology, and other factors that affect the creation and management of geographic knowledge in the twenty‐first century. The intent of this article is two‐fold: first, to appeal to geographers for greater recognition of the importance of tourism as a quintessential component of geographic study that in today's world warrants integration into core aspects of geographic enquiry; second, to use current debates within both tourism studies and geography to reflect on issues of disciplinarity, interdisciplinarity, transdisciplinarity, and even postdisciplinarity.     

浅析引起大学生社会责任感缺乏的主要因素

大学生是祖国的未来,是21世纪中国特色社会主义的建设者和接班人。社会责任感,指人们在社会生活中对自己完成任务、履行责任的情况所持积极主动的态度而产生的情感体验。当前,社会上出现部分大学生社会责任感缺乏的现象。引起这种现象的因素是多方面的,试对此进行简要分析。     

Human flourishing,tourism transformation and COVID-19: a conceptual touchstone

Abstract

As the planet remains in the grips of COVID-19 and amidst enforced lockdowns and restrictions, and possibly the most profound economic downturn since the Great Depression, the resounding enquiry asks—what will the new normal look like? And, in much the same way, tourism aficionados, policy makers and communities are asking a similar question—what will the tourism landscape, and indeed the world, look like after the pandemic? As casualties from the crisis continue to fall by the wayside, the rethinking about what an emergent tourism industry might resemble is on in earnest. Many are hopeful that this wake-up call event is an opportunity to reshape tourism into a model that is more sustainable, inclusive and caring of the many stakeholders that rely on it. And some indicators, though not all, point in that direction. In line with this, the concept of ‘human flourishing’ offers merits as an alternative touchstone for evaluating the impacts of tourism on host communities. Human flourishing has a long genesis and its contemporary manifestation, pushed by COVID-19 and applied to travel and tourism, further expands the bounds of its application. Human flourishing has the potential to offer more nuanced sets of approaches by which the impact of tourism on host communities might be measured. The challenge remaining is how to develop robust indices to calibrate human flourishing policy successes.     

我国区域宗教文化景观及其旅游开发

宗教是一种重要的旅游资源,作为一种文化现象与旅游关系密切。研究不同区域宗教与文化景观之间的作用与关系,开展宗教旅游对旅游资源的深度开发,旅游业的可持续发展具有重要意义。本文论述了宗教与宗教文化景观之间的相互作用与影响,指出了中国宗教具有明显的地理特征并从以下几个方面探讨了宗教旅游的开发:①进行区域宗教研究,开展宗教旅游;②深究宗教文化内涵,设计开发宗教旅游项目;③保护宗教旅游资源,构建协调的文化景观;④解放思想协调关系搞好宗教旅游开发。     

Reading,tourism, and geography consumption in literary places

Literature and geography are closely related in the worlds of consumption and mobility, and literature is often used as a resource for the tourism industry. The reading and consumption of literature, therefore, are related to visitation of a real place, and the roles of readers and tourists merge. The case of one literary tourism site, the San Mao Teahouse in the ancient town of Zhouzhuang in China, is selected to explain the complexity of reading and geography consumption in literary tourism. Observations and in-depth interviews were used to collect the data, and then the thematic analysis method was used. The study finds that tourists can also actively participate in the construction of literary places at destinations where relevant texts do not exist. In this kind of literary place, consumption occurs in multiple spaces as a result of tourists’ reading combined with geographical consumption. This study proposes a conceptual framework to analyze the geography consumption of literature in tourist destinations. The results show that the main geography consumption is reflected in three aspects, namely text, reality, and imagination. Based on their previous reading experiences, readers explore both the literary text and the reality. In this process, their imaginations always have an effect. Two distinguishing features have been found: first, through actively reading and decoding literary geography, the readers recreate a new fictionalized reality based on their imaginations. Second, the readers pursue the imaginative process from the real Zhouzhuang back to an imagined place that San Mao wrote about. The study contributes to the current literary geography research field, especially from the perspective of consumption. The study also provides a new perspective on literature in the modern world and practical implications for the design of literary tourist products and literary heritage conservation.     

国内旅游现象空间分异研究进展与展望

在综述国内关于旅游现象的空间分异研究进展的基础上,作者认为,国内旅游地理学关于旅游现象空间分异方面的研究主要是从旅游资源、旅游产业和旅游地、旅游客源市场和旅游流、旅游地本身等旅游产业发展投入要素方面入手的,对于旅游发展的区域效果方面的研究显得有些不足。在与国外该领域研究进展进行对比的基础上,结合国际国内旅游发展和研究的趋势,作者提倡国内旅游地理学应加强旅游影响空间分异研究。阐述了旅游影响空间分异研究的意义以及基本内容,希望藉此促进我国旅游地理学乃至旅游学研究的进一步完善。     

旅游视域下的认同研究——基于文献综述的视角

从当前国内外主要旅游研究期刊中析出关于"认同"研究的文献,通过统计整理,归纳分析出旅游视域下认同研究的视角、内容、方法,反映旅游视域下认同的研究进展和学术动态,为后续研究提供学术线索。研究发现:旅游文献中关于认同的研究热度与其他学科研究具有一致性;旅游文献中关于认同的研究已形成了以心理社会认同理论为基础,文化认同为核心,沿着政治认同、族群(民族)认同、地方(场所)认同、自我认同和社会认同五大脉络延伸的研究思路和框架;通过国内外研究的比较,表明国内关于认同的研究与国外研究相比存在一定的差距。文章最后探讨了认同研究在旅游研究中的学术地位和国内关于认同研究的主要方向。     

神农架旅游生态补偿实施系统构建

随着我国生态环境的不断恶化,人们逐步关注到生态环境的保护与建设问题。旅游生态补偿作为一种调节生态环保各利益主体间关系的一种有效工具,在平衡生态产品生产和消费的过程中发挥着巨大的作用。本文在分析了神农架实施旅游生态补偿的依据及典型意义的基础上,从旅游生态补偿的主客体、旅游生态补偿标准、旅游生态补偿方式以及旅游生态补偿保障体系四个方面构建了神农架旅游生态补偿的实施系统。通过研究,希望能够对神农架旅游生态补偿的运行提供科学指导,提升神农架旅游生态补偿的效率。     

Reset redux: possible evolutionary pathways towards the transformation of tourism in a COVID-19 world

Abstract

With international arrivals surpassing 1.5 billion for the first time in 2019 the long-term evolution of tourism demonstrates prolific path dependence with a decade of growth since the global financial crisis. This latest period of unfettered international tourism development has come to an abrupt end as the impact of COVID-19 has brought the sector to a near standstill. As the world grapples with the realities of the global pandemic there is an opportunity to rethink exactly what tourism will look like for the decades ahead. Key concepts in evolutionary economic geography, especially path dependence/creation and institutional inertia/innovation, show variations in pathways for travel and tourism in a COVID-19 world. A path that leads to transformation in tourism can be realized if sufficient institutional innovation occurs on both the demand and supply side of tourism that can foster the emergence of new paths. COVID-19 presents a once in a generation opportunity where the institutional pump is primed for transformation. Whether that leads to a radical transformation of the tourism sector remains to be seen, but the imprint it will leave on both the demand and supply of tourism will have long-term, incremental impacts for years to come and ultimately move us closer towards the transformation of tourism.