‘The warrior has always shewed himself greater than his weapons’: the Royal Navy’s interpretation of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–5

During the Russo-Japanese War, British naval attachés serving with the Japanese produced a series of reports on both technical and cultural aspects of the conflict. In seeking to explain the Japanese successes, the attachés compared and contrasted their hosts with themselves, Royal Navy and Britain more generally. These reports offer a rare insight of the cultural preconceptions of Royal Navy officers prior to the First World War, presenting explicitly the norms and beliefs that served to unite the service. Recovering these collective understandings helps to illuminate the decision-making processes that took place within the Royal Navy both prior to and during the First World War.     

Union Jack or Yellow Jack? Smallpox,Sailors, Settlers and Sovereignty

In 1877 the flagship of the Royal Navy’s Australia Station, HMS Wolverene, was quarantined in Sydney Harbour. It marked a curious moment in which the dreaded disease smallpox arrived in the city aboard three different vessels within the space of a month. With cases appearing among merchant seamen, naval sailors and local residents, this event exposed numerous antinomies in the health governance of New South Wales. If the colony’s legislative authority over the imperial warships tasked with its protection proved uncertain, so did the extent to which civic power could be exerted over the movements, property and bodies of individual citizens. Exploring the conjoint histories of the naval and medical defence of the Australian colonies, this article argues that 1877 saw these tensions playing out on different scales of sovereignty. Marking a critical point before colonial defence and quarantine strategies turned markedly against ‘Asiatics’, this incident encapsulated the uneasy state of colonial self-government amid a technological transformation of the seaways.     

Race and Identity: The Culture of Combat in the Pacific War

This article addresses how the Royal Navy intended to defend the British Isles from invasion before the First World War. Revisionist historians have recently suggested that during his first tenure as First Sea Lord, 1904–10, Sir John Fisher conceived and implemented a radical new home-defence strategy. Fisher's ‘flotilla defence’ system assigned a hitherto unprecedented importance to flotilla craft. This was apparently a marked departure from previous practice, which had been to rely upon armoured warships to deter invasion. These claims are not supported by the evidence and have failed to appreciate that flotilla craft had historically formed the foundation of the naval defence of the British Isles. War Plans drafted in early 1909 confirm that before leaving office Fisher remained committed to the blockade of enemy naval forces and that he identified blockade as key to the security of the British Isles.     

Reviews of Book

Geoffrey Blainey. A Short History of the World. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2002. Pp. xi, 464. 827.50 (US). Reviewed by W. Warren Wagar

Alfred W. Crosby. Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology through History. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xii, 206. $26.00 (US). Reviewed by William H. Mcneill

Edwin G. Pulleyblank. Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China. Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate, Variorum, 2002. Pp. xii, 312. $105.95 (US). Reviewed by Nicola Di Cosmo

Sanjay Subrahmanyam. Penumbral Visions: Making Polities in Early Modern South India. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001. Pp. ix, 295. $49.50 (US). Reviewed by Chandra R. De Silva

Susan B. Edgington and Sarah Lambert, eds. Gendering the Crusades. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. Pp. xvi, 215. $18.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by Peter Edbury

Thomas T. Allsen. Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xiii, 245. 860.00 (US). Reviewed by Jonathan Shepard

Haim Beinart. The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain, trans. Jeffrey M. Green. Oxford and Portland: Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2002. Pp. xv, 591. $85.00 (US). Reviewed by Felipe Fernández-Armesto

H. G. Koenigsberger. Monarchies, States Generals, and Parliaments: The Netherlands in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xix, 381. $75.00 (US). Reviewed by Christine Kooi

Mary Elizabeth Ailes. Military Migration and State Formation: The British Military Community in Seventeenth-Century Sweden. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. Pp. xiv, 192. $50.00 (US). Reviewed by Edward Furgol

Alastair Hamilton. Arab Culture and Ottoman Magnificence in Antwerp's Golden Age. London and Oxford: The Arcadian Library in association with Oxford University Press, 2001. Pp. 134. £60.00. Reviewed by Deborah Howard

HARRY G. GELBER. Nations out of Empires: European Nationalism and the Transformation of Asia. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2001. Pp. ix, 263. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Fred Halliday

Leah S. Marcus, Janel Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose, eds. Elizabeth I: Collected Works. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Pp. xxiv, 446. $40.00 (US). Reviewed by John Craig

Jeremy Black. European International Relations, 1648–1815. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2002. Pp. xiii, 274. $22.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Jennifer Mori

Mlada Bukovansky. Legitimacy and Power Politics: The American and French Revolutions in International Political Culture. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2002. Pp. viii, 255. $39.50 (US). Reviewed by Norman Hampson

Patricia Seed. American Pentimento: The Invention of Indians and the Pursuit of Riches. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001. Pp. xii, 299. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Sarah H. Hill

Patrick Griffin. The People with No Name: Ireland's Ulster Scots, America's Scots Irish, and the Creation of a British Atlantic World, 1689–1764. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2001. Pp. xv, 244. $19.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by K. David Milobar

Thomas Philipp. Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 1730–1831. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. Pp. 299. $17.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by DINA Rizk Khoury

Don H. Doyle. Nations Divided: America, Italy, and the Southern Question. Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 2002. Pp. xvii, 130. $24.95 (US). Reviewed by Enrico Dal Lago

Charles John Fedorak. Henry Addington, Prime Minister, 1801–1804: Peace, War, and Parliamentary Politics. Akron: University of Akron Press, 2002. Pp. xvii, 268. $44.95 (US). Reviewed by J. E. Cookson

Dáire Keogh and Kevin Whelan, eds. Acts of Union: The Causes, Contexts, and Consequences of the Act of Union. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2001; dist. Portland: ISBS. Pp. 270. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Jim Smyth

Klaus Gallo. Great Britain and Argentina: From Invasion to Recognition, 1806-26. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2002. Pp. vi, 195. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by Andrew S. Thompson

Rory Muir. Salamanca 1812. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001. Pp. xiv, 322. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Richard Thorburn Herzog

William Barr, ed. and annotated. From Barrow to Boothia: The Arctic Journal of Chief Factor Peter Warren Dease, 1836–1839. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002. Pp. xi, 330. $49.95 (CDN). Reviewed by William R. Morrison

Timothy Brook and Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, eds. Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839–1952. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000. Pp. xiv, 444. $22.95 (US) paper. Reviewed by David Clayton

John Mason Hart. Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico since the Civil War. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002. Pp.xi, 677. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Thomas Schoonover

Jeremy Black. Warfare in the Western World, 1882–1975. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2002. Pp. xii, 243. $19.95 (US)J paper; Jeremy Black, ed. European Warfare, 1815–2000. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2002. Pp. vii, 247. $22.95 (US) paper. Reviewed by Craig Gibson

Paul B. Miller. From Revolutionaries to Citizens: Antimilitarism in France, 1870–1914. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2002. Pp. xii, 277. $21.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Martin Ceadel

David Healy. James G. Blaine and Latin America. Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, 2001. Pp. vii, 278. $39–95 (US). Reviewed by Edward P. Crapol

Rolf Hobson. Imperialism at Sea: Naval Strategic Thought, the Ideology of Sea Power, and the Tirpitz Plan, 1875–1914. Boston and Leiden: Brill, 2002. Pp. x, 358. $90.00 (US). Reviewed by John Beeler

Roderick R. McLean. Royalty and Diplomacy in Europe, 1890–1914. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xii, 239. $54.95 (US). Reviewed by David French

Philippe Chassaigne and Michael Dockrill, eds. Anglo-French Relations, 1898–1998: From Fashoda to Jospin. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2002. Pp. xiii, 211. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Anthony Adamthwaite

Rebecca E. Karl. Staging the World: Chinese Nationalism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2002. Pp. xii, 314. $19.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Joan Judge

Christopher Mckee. Sober Men and True: Sailor Lives in the Royal Navy, 1900–1945. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2002. Pp.285. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Geoffrey Till

Andrew Mango. Atatürk. London: John Murray, 2001. Pp. xiii, 666. £18.00, paper. Reviewed by Frank Tachau

Susan Solomon. The Coldest March: Scott's Fatal Antarctic Expedition. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001. Pp. xxii, 383. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Bryan C. Storey

Jaroslaw Suchoples. Finland and the United States, 1917–1919: The Early Years of Mutual Relations, trans. Tadeuz Z. Wolahski. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 2000; dist. Portland: ISBS. Pp. 221. $29.95 (US) paper. Reviewed by David W. McFadden

David Henry Slavin. Colonial Cinema and Imperial France, 1919–1939: White Blind Spots, Male Fantasies, Settler Myths. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001. Pp. xv, 300. $42.50 (US). Reviewed by ?William B. Cohen

David French. Raising Churchill's Army: The British Army and the War against Germany, 1919–1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Pp. xii, 319. 821.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by B. J. C. McKercher

Joseph Moretz. The Royal Navy and the Capital Ship in the Interwar Period: An Operational Perspective. London and Portland: Frank Cass, 2002. Pp. xxi, 292. $57.50 (US). Reviewed by Keith Neilson

Frances Gouda with Thus Brocades Zaalberg. American Visions of the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia: US Foreign Policy and Indonesian Nationalism, 1920–1949. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2002. Pp. 382. €31.90, paper. Reviewed by Gary R. Hess

György Péteri. Global Monetary Regime and National Central Banking: The Case of Hungary, 1921–1929, trans. Mario D. Fenyo. Boulder and Wayne: East European Monographs and Center for Hungarian Studies, 2002; dist. New York: Columbia University Press. Pp. x, 199. $30.00 (US). Reviewed by Jürgen Nautz

David Dutton. Neville Chamberlain. London and New York: Arnold and Oxford University Press, 2001. Pp. xii, 245. £12.99 paper. Reviewed by Joseph A. Maiolo

Steven T. Ross, ed. US War Plans: 1938–1945. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 2002. Pp. ix, 371. $89.95 (US) Reviewed by Allan R. Millett

Radomir Luza with Christina Vella. The Hitler Kiss: A Memoir of the Czech Resistance. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002. Pp. x, 295. $34.95 (US). Reviewed by Igor Lukes

Nicholas Tarling. A Sudden Rampage: The Japanese Occupation of Southeast Asia, 1941–1945. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2001. Pp. xv, 286. $36.00 (US). Reviewed by Nicholas J. White

Andrew J. Whitfield. Hong Kong, Empire, and the Anglo-American Alliance at War, 1941-45. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2001. Pp. xii, 266. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Chan Lau Kit-Ching

James McAllister. NO Exit: America and the German Problem, 1943–1954. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2002. Pp. viii, 283. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Frank Ninkovich

Peter C. Kent. The Lonely Cold War of Pope Pius XII: The Roman Catholic Church and the Division of Europe, 1943–1950. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002. Pp. viii, 321. $45.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Owen Chadwick

Tim Jones. Postwar Counterinsurgency and the SAS, 1945–1952: A Special Type of Warfare. London and Portland: Frank Cass, 2001. Pp. xxii, 233. $49.50 (US). Reviewed by Colin McInnes

Richard Overy. Interrogations: The Nazi Elite in Allied Hands, 1945. New York and London: Viking, 2001. Pp. xxii, 650. $32.95 (US). Reviewed by Norman J. W. Goda

Joy Damousi. Living with the Aftermath: Trauma, Nostalgia, and Grief in Postwar Australia. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. viii, 240. $60.00 (US). Reviewed by Bruce Scates

Sean M. Maloney. Canada and UN Peacekeeping: Cold War by Other Means, 1945-1970. St Catharines, Ont.: Vanwell Publishing, 2002. Pp. xiv, 265. $35.00 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Desmond Morton

Arnold A. Offner. Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945–1953. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002. Pp. xv, 626. $37.95 (US) Reviewed by Andrew J. Dunar

Frank Heinlein. British Government Policy and Decolonisation, 1945–1963: Scrutinising the Official Mind. London and Portland: Frank Cass, 2002. Pp. xiii, 337- $57.50 (US). Reviewed by David Goldsworthy

Matthew Connelly. A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria's Fight for Independence and the Origins of the Post-Cold War Era. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. Pp. xviii, 400. $113.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Phillip C. Naylor

Martin Schain, ed. The Marshall Plan: Fifty Years After. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave, 2001. Pp. xiii, 297. $59.95 (US); Vibeke Sørensen. Denmark's Social Democratic Government and the Marshall Plan, 1947–1950, ed. Mogens Riidiger. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen, 2001; dist. Portland: ISBS. Pp. 360. $47.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Alan S. Milward

Sumit Ganguly. Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions since 1947. New York: Columbia University Press; Washington: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2001. Pp. 187. $18.50 (US), paper; C. Dasgupta. War and Diplomacy in Kashmir, 1947-48. New Delhi and Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2002. Pp. 239. $44.00 (US). Reviewed by Anita Inder Singh

Hubert Zimmermann. Money and Security: Troops, Monetary Policy, and West Germany's Relations with the United States and Britain, 1950–1971. Washington and New York: German Historical Institute and Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xvi, 275. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Donald Abenheim

Jennifer Milliken. The Social Construction of the Korean War: Conflict and Its Possibilities. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2001; dist. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. Pp. xi, 258. $107.00 (CDN). Reviewed by K. M. Fierke

Percy Cradock. Know Your Enemy: How the Joint Intelligence Committee Saw the World. London: John Murray, 2002. Pp. xii, 351. £25.00. Reviewed by Richard J. Aldrich

The Military History Institute Of Vietnam. Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975, trans. Merle L. Pribbenow; foreword by William J. Duiker. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002. Pp. xxvi, 494. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by Robert K. Brigham

Jeffrey Glen Giauque. Grand Designs and Visions of Unity: The Adantic Powers and the Reorganization of Western Europe, 1955–1963. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2002; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. 326. $32.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Wolfram Kaiser

Robert D. Dean. Imperial Brotherhood: Gender and the Making of Cold War Foreign Policy. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001. Pp. x, 329. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Wesley T. Wooley

Piero Gleijeses. Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2002; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. xix, 552. $57.75 (CDN). Reviewed by Wayne S. Smith

M. E. Sarotte. Dealing with the Devil: East Germany, Dátente, and Ostpolitik, 1969–1973. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2001; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. xvii, 295. $32.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Helga Haftendorn

Wakaizumi Kei. The Best Course Available: A Personal Account of the Secret US Japan Okinawa Reversion Negotiations, ed. John Swenson-Wright. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2002. Pp. x, 367. $49.00 (US). Reviewed by Hugo Dobson

Delia M. Boylan. Defusing Democracy: Central Bank Autonomy and the Transition from Authoritarian Rule. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001. Pp. xiii, 295. $49.50 (US). Reviewed by Sylvia Maxfield

Ahmed Rashid. Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2002. Pp. xiv, 281. $24.00 (US). Reviewed by Virginia Martin

François Furet and Ernst Nolte. Fascism and Communism, trans. Katherine Golsan. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2001. Pp. xvii, 98. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Martin Kitchen

Mark R. Beissinger. Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xv, 503. $80.00 (US). Reviewed by Taras Kuzio

Elinor C. Sloan. The Revolution in Military Affairs: Implications for Canada and NATO. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002. Pp. xi, 188. $24.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Joel J. Sokolsky

Michael Keren and Donald A. Sylvan, eds. International Intervention: Sovereignty versus Responsibility. London and Portland: Frank Cass, 2002. Pp. xi, 191. $26.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by Nicholas Onuf

Darren G. Hawkins. International Human Rights and Authoritarian Rule in Chile. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2002. Pp. xiii, 259. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Brian Loveman

Akira Iriye. Global Community: The Role of International Organizations in the Making of the Contemporary World. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002. Pp. ix, 246. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Chadwick F. Alger     

Sentiment vs Strategy: British Naval Policy,Imperial Defence,and the Development of Dominion Navies, 1911–14

This article examines British naval policy towards imperial defence and the development of autonomous Dominion navies in 1911–14. It shows that the Admiralty's main goal under the leadership of Winston Churchill was to concentrate British and Dominion warships in European waters, and ideally in the North Sea, to meet the German threat. Churchill's approach to naval developments in the Dominions was also shaped by his desire to fulfil the Cabinet's policy of remaining strong in the Mediterranean Sea. He made some concessions to sentiment in the Dominions, but his attempts to create a coherent imperial policy for the naval defence of Britain and its empire were ultimately unsuccessful. By 1914 it was clear that the Dominions would not provide the additional warships Britain required for the Mediterranean, and on the eve of war the Admiralty was beginning to prepare an imperial naval strategy that more accurately reflected the Empire's capabilities.     

‘My Freind who Writes for Me’: Scribes and Scribal Relationships in the Letters of Seamen, 1793–1815

This article examines the use of scribes in letters of one group of men during a specific period: British Royal Navy servicemen below the rank of commissioned officer during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1793–1815. The letters of one such seaman in particular, Richard Greenhalgh, are unusual in that he himself could write, but preferred to have someone to write for him, as is shown by many references to ‘his freind who writes for me’. Contrasts between the scribe’s style of writing and that of Greenhalgh are noticeable, especially after Greenhalgh and his scribe were parted by being sent to serve on different ships. The letters also reveal the relationship between writer and scribe, and the writer’s family and his scribe. The letters contain messages to be passed between a network of family and friends on board ship and on shore, strengthening ties between them, vital in wartime to the morale of the seamen and for the reassurance of those at home. References found in other surviving letters demonstrate the use of scribes by different seamen, also seamen acting as scribes for shipmates, adding to knowledge of scribal culture among this social group.     

From ‘Landsman’ to ‘Seaman’? Colonial discipline,organisation and resistance in the Royal Indian Navy, 1946

In February 1946, 20,000 sailors of the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) mutinied over a number of grievances, from the poor quality of their food to demands for an independent India. Drawing on archival research in the UK and India, this paper uses this event, together with an examination of life in the RIN more generally, to explore how colonial discipline was organised and resisted in specifically maritime ways. By examining the practices and organisational structures of the RIN which attempted to discipline sailors, and in turn how these were resisted and negotiated, it is argued that the spatial politics of life in the Navy created distinctly maritime social and cultural relations. These maritime, naval understandings of space and place add to our understandings of the ways in which colonialism worked in practice. The paper therefore not only adds to work about colonialism's attempts to discipline and order its subjects but also contributes to debates on the geographies of the sea.     

A Leading Arsenal of Democracy: American Rearmament and the Continental Integration of the Canadian Aircraft Industry, 1948–1953

This article shows how the Royal Navy under the leadership of John Fisher exploited the British Consular system in Germany and Denmark to obtain both open-source and covert intelligence between 1906 and 1914. This structure was initially constructed with the tacit support of the Foreign Office, replacing an earlier intelligence network in France and Russia. The intelligence collected by the consuls reflected the Royal Navy's strategic priorities at the time. The most important subject concerned German coastal defences, a detailed knowledge of which was essential for the Admiralty's offensive littoral strategy. From 1908 Charles Hardinge attempted to restrict the Admiralty's use of its Consular Officers for intelligence purposes, with limited success. The consuls continued to provide essential intelligence for the Royal Navy up until the outbreak of war.     

Skeletal Lead Burden of the British Royal Navy in Colonial Antigua

Lead (Pb) has been known to be a cause of human poisoning since ancient times, but despite this, it was a widely used metal in the European colonial period. In this study, the relationship between Pb exposure and the demographic variables ancestry and age was explored by comparing the bone Pb levels of individuals that were of either African or European ancestry, excavated from a British Royal Navy hospital cemetery (1793–1822 CE) at English Harbour in Antigua, West Indies. More direct comparisons of Pb levels between the two ancestral groups were possible in this study because of the unsegregated nature of this cemetery. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to determine bulk Pb levels in cortical bone samples from the fibular diaphyses of 23 male individuals. No significant difference was found between the distributions of the Pb levels of the ancestral groups (p  = 0.94). Further, no positive correlations or significant differences were found in relation to the individuals' ages and their Pb levels (p  = 0.24). Levels of Ba, Ca and rare earth elements support a largely biogenic origin of lead. This is bolstered by Pb deposition patterns, generated by synchrotron X‐ray fluorescence imaging for another study. The data suggest that naval personnel, regardless of ancestry at English Harbour, had very similar experiences with regard to Pb exposure. Their exposure to the toxic metal was likely not consistent over time as steady exposure would have resulted in accumulation of Pb with age. This study contributes to addressing historical questions regarding the prevalence of Pb poisoning within the British Royal Navy during the colonial period. © 2017 The Authors International Journal of Osteoarchaeology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Sight and Sound on the Western Front: Surveyors,Scientists, and the ‘Battlefield Laboratory’, 1915–1918

Abstract

The Japanese were a race who considered themselves to possess a mission in the world, and were a military race from beginning to end. In a comparatively short space of time Japan had brought three wars to a successful conclusion.

Admiral Earl Beatty, First Sea Lord (1919–1927), 3 July 1925

it is on record that one young samurai… was so convinced at first that bravery by itself was sufficient to overcome the power of the western ‘barbarians’, that he swam out to Perry's flag-ship with his sword in his teeth, intending to fight the whole ship's company single-handed. This man was Yamagata, who died but recently.

Captain M.D. Kennedy, Military Language Officer in Japan (1917–1920), 1928     

The Armoured Cruiser HMS Defence: a case‐study in assessing the Royal Navy shipwrecks of the Battle of Jutland (1916) as an archaeological resource

This paper presents the findings from a survey of one of the shipwrecks of the Battle of Jutland, and is extracted from a longer currently unpublished report which examines the six known Royal Navy wrecks. While all of the wrecks yielded unique insights into the battle, Defence was a particularly surprising case. The extant remains of this wreck showed for the first time how the ship was destroyed and explains what some eyewitnesses reported at the time. Intact and unsalvaged, it is a source of much valuable archaeological and historical data. © 2012 The Author     

The Opening and Closing Sequences of the Battle of Jutland 1916 Re‐examined: archaeological investigations of the wrecks of HMS Indefatigable and SMS V4

This paper presents the findings from surveys carried out in March 2016 of two wrecks sunk during the Battle of Jutland. The remains of HMS Indefatigable had previously only been partially understood. SMS V4, was found and surveyed for the first time. They represent the first and last ships sunk and allow the timings of the opening and closing of the battle to be established. In the case of HMS Indefatigable, the discovery that the ship broke in two, seemingly unnoticed, substantially revises the narrative of the opening minutes of the battle.     

Scuttled in the Morning: the discoveries and surveys of HMS Warrior and HMS Sparrowhawk,the Battle of Jutland's last missing shipwrecks

Due to the circumstances of the loss of HMS Warrior and HMS Sparrowhawk in 1916, in which subsequent to disablement both had drifted and been towed unknown distances from the Jutland battlefield, they were not located in the 2015 Jutland survey. In August 2016 both ships were located and HMS Warrior was revealed to be a pristine warship wreck, the only example in this condition of the 25 ships sunk in the battle. HMS Sparrowhawk had a similar pattern of disturbance as seven of the other Battle of Jutland destroyer wrecks. The survey of these wrecks draws to a conclusion a long period of discovery at Jutland and raises questions as to how these important cultural artefacts should be treated in the future.     

汉初“献费”新探

献费是西汉初年的一项财赋,其征纳范围应包括王国、侯国以及除內史外中央直辖的郡。与之相应,献费的献纳者是诸侯王、彻侯(通侯)以及直辖郡的郡守。献费是一项独立的贡赋,并非是汉代的"口赋钱""算赋",亦非宗庙祭祀的献金或土贡贡献的费用。献费属于皇室财政的范畴,通过地方行政机构征收,上缴中央后划拨少府管理。考虑到汉初的货币及经济的状况,献费每人63钱的赋额并不过高。     

Copper and other sheathing in the Royal Navy

The Royal Navy's use of copper and other sheathing on ships as a protection against'worm'is presented against a general background of the subject. Manufacturers', Admiralty and other marks found on metal sheathing are illustrated and identified as an aid to nautical archaeologists. © 2000 The Nautical Archaeology Society     

Die Astrologie der Antike

This survey of classical astrology is in three parts: a) a summary of its rich and eventful history from the Babylonians to the Renaissance; b) the methods of calculation which remained the same throughout the period, based on the planets, the zodiac and the “twelve houses”; c) an analysis of astrological thought, which is quite different from any modern approach; providing a rigid interpretation of the universe, it granted confort and security. It presents a curious combination of religion and science: the physics is the one forwarded by the stoïcs, with an equal balance of the four elements, and the microcosmic economy within the soul representing the macrocosmic one; but such a determinism is in contradiction with the Stoics' sense of responsability which presupposes free will.     

Iron knees in wooden vessels—an attempt at a typology

Knees were brackets in the structure of a wooden ship. They were introduced in the second half of the 18th century and were in common use for naval and merchant ships in the 19th century. They were fashioned in various designs. A typology of these is proposed based on archaeological and documentary evidence. Iron knees could used to assist the dating of unidentified shipwrecks.     

New Finds from the Cremains in Tomb II at Aegae Point to Philip II and a Scythian Princess

Earlier osteoarchaeological studies on cremains of the two individuals from Tomb II at Aegae led to endless debates on the identity of the dead. After re‐examining the bones with Computerized Tomography (or CAT scan) (CT) and X‐Ray Fluorescent scanning (XRF) support, our research team has found new evidence identifying the dead man in the main chamber as Philip II and the woman in the antechamber as the daughter of King Atheas killed in a battle against Philip II in 339BC. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.