On the frontier of the Western Shire,British Central Africa

Superficial deposits (residual, colluvial, alluvial) are important as environmental resources in tropical environments. An understanding of their formation through varying time periods is essential to a correct interpretation of their economic and hazard potentials. This requires an integration of process studies with a reconstruction of longer term development. Saprolite formation is considered over 10⁵‐10⁷ yr, while colluvial and alluvial sediments are commonly Late Quaternary (10³‐10⁵ yr) in age. The importance of Quaternary environmental changes in the humid tropics to an understanding of heavy mineral placer deposits in West Africa and Indonesia is illustrated. It is concluded that geomorphologists can often make their most important contributions to developing areas by offering a sound interpretation of landsurfaces and their underlying deposits for engineers, geologists and pedologists, with whom a close working relationship is essential.     

Death as the border: Managing missing migrants and unidentified bodies at the EU's Mediterranean frontier

The paper explores how the management of migrant bodies by national and EU authorities reflects particular understandings of contemporary borders and how the failure to address such bodies has implications far from the frontier. The study of the management both of the dead and of the data that can serve to identify missing migrants, can benefit our understanding of the contemporary border, and has to date received only limited scholarly attention. To address this gap we draw on field research carried out on the Greek island of Lesbos, one of the key migrant entry points to the EU, that has seen repeated incidents of deadly shipwrecks. Based on interviews with families of migrants and local stakeholders the paper explores how death at the border introduces novel – and often invisible – borders and categories of inclusion and exclusion. By shedding light on the experiences of the families of the dead we aspire to introduce a critical set of actors who have been marginalized from the study of the border. In exploring the remote effects of deaths on such families in migrant countries of origin, the paper shows that bordering practices have transnational impacts at the human level, thereby broadening our conceptualization of the border.     

黑死病期间西欧的鞭笞者运动(1348—1349)

黑死病流行于西欧期间,鞭笞者运动兴盛一时。这一运动是在千禧年主义末世观的神学预设下,通过自我鞭笞来获得拯救的集体行为。在瘟疫肆虐的危机年代,鞭笞者与教会之间形成了互有分歧又彼此依存的关系。但随着运动的发展,鞭笞者反教会的色彩渐趋浓厚;更重要的是,因为瘟疫发作的时段性,以及鞭笞者宗教主张和实践效果的局限性,鞭笞者的追随者开始分化并减少。这便为教会排斥鞭笞者创造了条件。同时,鞭笞者的组织方式及其屠杀犹太人等过激行为,也对社会秩序造成了损害,从而招致了世俗政权的抵制。这样,鞭笞者运动成为众矢之的,衰退不可避免。这一运动是中世纪西欧社会 "小传统"的一种体现。以大、小传统关系变迁为视角,可以让我们更为全面地认识中世纪西欧的信仰世界。