美国为何归还巴拿马运河——1977年美巴运河条约评析

经过13年的谈判,美巴于1977年9月7日签署了关于归还运河主权和保持运河永久中立的两项条约。美国政府同意,经过23年过渡期,于1999年12月归还运河区主权,但将永远保有以武力维护运河中立的权力。1977年美巴运河条约改善了美国的国际处境,标志着美国对拉美政策的新阶段,其实质是以放弃对运河的直接占领来换取对运河的永久控制。本文利用美国国会记录等原始资料,探讨了美国为何以间接控制取代对运河的直接占领,分析了美国在这一问题上的战略思考和利弊权衡,有助于理解美国的拉美政策及美国霸权的性质和特点。     

黄埔军校早期的思想政治教育

黄埔军校培养了大批的军事政治人才,为中国革命做出了重大贡献,其取得的辉煌成就与它早期的思想政治教育是密不可分的。黄埔军校早期的思想政治教育根据其"创造革命军来挽救中国的危亡"的办校宗旨,决定了其思想政治教育以反帝反封建、培养革命人生观为主要内容;在形式上采用了营造革命校园氛围,以政治课为基本教育形式,政治演讲会、政治讨论会为主要课外教育形式,出版进步刊物等;在方法上军事与政治并重、情感与纪律相结合,使得黄埔军校早期的思想政治教育很好达到了孙中山所期望的目标。     

美国早期共和国媒体的扩张话语

通过选择性的报道和评论,美国早期刊物积极鼓动美国政府和美国民众占领印第安土地,同化或者驱赶印第安人,利用一切机会蚕食和占据欧洲国家在北美的殖民地;某些媒体甚至还要求美国向太平洋扩张,谋求北美大陆之外的海洋霸权。虽说早期媒体的扩张话语并不等同于美国政府的实际政策,但却反映了众多政治家和民众的扩张意识,勾勒出了美国以扩张为手段建立世界帝国的主要线索。从该角度而言,建国初期的报刊杂志浓缩了美国的扩张史,为我们了解美国早期扩张思想创造了又一契机。     

我国的运河遗产及其保护面临的问题

为突破自然河流的局限性和更好地利用水资源或治水防洪,人类很早就开始了运河的开凿.运河遗产保护不仅因其反映了人类和国家的政治、经济、军事、农业、水利等方面演进的历史而显得格外重要,运河遗产保护中的遗产调查、遗产评估、保护规划、遗产管理、遗产监测等各方面都因其时空演变复杂、跨水系甚至跨流域、遗产体量巨大、动态性和在用性等特征表现为尤其困难.我国是最早开凿和利用运河的国家之一,也是拥有运河数量最多、长度最大的国家,同时也是运河保护面临问题最多、最尖锐的国家。以拟申遗的中国大运河为例,阐述我国快速城市化进程背景下运河遗产保护面临的新的历史机遇和挑战,期望对解决我国运河遗产保护的现实问题有所裨益。     

工业革命时期英国运河修建的条件

满足大宗商品运输的需求,是工业革命时期英国运河修建的前提条件。大宗商品运输需求的递增推动了运输变革时代的到来,开凿运河成为当时解决大宗商品运输问题的最优解,作为运输大动脉的运河也成为工业革命早期的生命线,但随着工业革命的深入发展,英国运河运输廉价而不快捷的不足日趋显现。资本化运作是运河修建的必要条件。运河主要由贵族地主和工商业资本家投资,通过建立运河股份公司的方式实现投资主体多元化,但资本化也带来投机和短视问题,大量的运河被修成了窄运河,成为日后运河迅速走向衰败的重要原因。注重技术革新是运河修建的充分条件。英国运河是工业社会的产物,运河开凿技术革新是工业革命时期技术革新的重要组成部分。但工业革命时期英国的技术进步不断推陈出新,出现了以铁路为代表的运输革命,廉价快捷的铁路运输更放大了运河运输的不足,这是英国运河迅速走向衰败的一个重要原因。工业革命时期英国运河业的兴衰,是这一时期英国经济和技术快速发展的一个写照。     

20世纪60年代以来影响墨西哥裔美国人在美国参政的要素分析

自20世纪60年代以降,美国人口总数及其种族构成发生了巨大变化,其中西裔和亚裔群体数量急剧增长。作为西裔群体当中最大的一支族裔团体,墨西哥裔美国人开始积极参与美国政治,并逐渐对美国的社会、经济、政治和文化等领域产生重要影响。本文以墨西哥裔美国人在美国的政治参与为研究对象,综合运用历史学、社会学和政治学等研究方法,全面分析和理解该群体在美国政治参与的现状,认为政治文化、社会经济地位和政治动员等因素共同影响了墨西哥裔美国人自20世纪60年代以降在美国的政治参与。     

中国学者关于美国早期史上民主问题的研究(2007—2017)

中国的美国史学者始终关注美国早期民主问题。自2007年以来,中国学者在研究视角、研究路径和材料方面取得显著进展。他们关注普通民众的参与,着眼于精英与民众之间的互动。他们采用政治文化、制度史、社会史等多种研究路径,考察由小册子、报纸、演说等印刷媒介构成的公共领域,思考话语本身的逻辑与意义,重视各类政治行动者的观念与态度。他们的研究以种类丰富的一手文献为基础。受到新文化史的影响,中国学者深入发掘美国早期民主的社会文化意义,这也预示了此后研究的方向。     

交通运输的发展

交通运输是工农业生产和人们生活中不可缺少的。早期的交通运输业以水运为主,如美国的五大湖,欧洲的莱茵河,日本、英国的沿海运输,都是当时工业运输的生命线。最初只有在天然水道和运河上航行的船舶,继而有了以机械为动力的远洋船队。19世纪30年代以后,铁路运输逐渐成为主力。20世纪20年代前后,又出现了公路运输、航空运输和管道运输。今天,一个相当充实的现代化交通运输网已经形成了。     

扬州古运河功能变迁发展的考古学观察

中国古代因经济、政治、军事等原因开凿了大量连通自然水系的运河,在运河沿岸,也兴起了大量滨水城市,依水而兴,因水而困,城市兴衰和运河发展紧密相连。文章主要研究了扬州古运河与扬州城的历史沿革过程,总结了扬州古运河的功能变迁发展。     

绍兴陶堰段运河遗产资源保护利用策略初探

大运河深刻影响了其沿线历史上早期城市的形成和城市格局的营建,结合人类水工智慧,形成发展起水上集镇陶堰,是运河传统城镇的典型,因此其遗产资源保护利用策略的探索具有一定的借鉴意义。文章根据陶堰段运河遗产资源特色和资源整合可行性分析,提出以保护为基础,挖掘价值、阐释内涵为手段,贴近人民群众的现代生活需求为途径的策略建议,旨在实现运河资源融合提升,促进运河文化活态传承,从文化教育、旅游观光、休闲娱乐等方面不断激发遗产价值新的活力,使古老大运河焕发时代新风貌。     

19世纪末20世纪初美国大众化杂志的发展

19世纪末20世纪初,美国大众化杂志迅速兴起和发展。大众化杂志有如下几个特点:迎合大众口味;内容贴近社会现实;价格低廉;有一个稳定增长的、数量较大的读者队伍。美国大众化杂志的兴起和发展,是当时美国社会政治经济状况决定的,并对20世纪初美国黑幕揭发运动的兴起和发展,以及20世纪初美国社会的变革和转型起了重要的促进作用。     

The Imaging of Samoa in Illustrated Magazines and Serial Encyclopaedias in the Early 20th-Century

Drawing on English language sources and material relating to the colonial administrations of Western Samoa (now Samoa) and American Samoa, this examination of photographically illustrated serial encyclopaedias and magazines proposes an alternative historical analysis of the colonial imaging of Samoa, the most extensively covered field in Oceanic photographic studies. Though photographs published between 1890s and World War II were often ‘recycled’, without acknowledging the fact that they were taken much earlier, and despite claims in the text of illustrated publications of an unchanged, enduring, archaic tradition in Samoa, the amazing variety of photographic content often offered contradictory evidence, depicting a modern, adaptive and progressive Samoa. Contrary to orthodox historical analysis, the images of Samoa in illustrated magazines and encyclopaedias were not limited to a small repetitive gallery of partially clothed women and costumed chiefs; and the ways in which readers understood Samoa from photographs and text raises questions still to be explored.     

A Foot in Each Sphere: Christine Frederick and Early Twentieth-Century Advertising

The American advertiser has taught the American housewife to think constructively of her job.¹
Christine Frederick, 1929
As we enter the twenty-first century, Martha Stewart's web page proclaims her multi-million-dollar company, Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, to be a "leading creator of original'how to'content and related products for homemakers and other consumers."² Over the last 20 years, Stewart's enterprise, which targets primarily women consumers, has grown from a television show to an empire that includes books, magazines, radio broadcasts, a newspaper column, and Martha Stewart product lines sold in retail stores, through catalogs, and over the Internet.     

Vicarious passions: the private life of Hollywood stars in 1950s Portuguese magazines

ABSTRACT

Life in Hollywood in the 1950s seemed completely at odds with the moral foundations of authoritarian Portugal. By looking at the coverage of the lives of Hollywood stars in Portuguese magazines, however, it is possible to imagine how a conservative society could be exposed to changing values. Readers became acquainted with the period’s most famous cases of divorce. Divorce was at first seen as unacceptable, but the continuous news on the lives of famous people produced a strange impact on the Portuguese public sphere: the end of marriage became familiar and even acceptable in some circumstances. The article disentangles this paradox, by treating magazines as a mediated social actor. The foreign origin of the news may have led readers to assume that divorce was a distant phenomenon. Simultaneously, the social circulation of magazines permeated the everyday with subversive ideas. Magazines thus constitute a decisive source for exploring how North American cultural forms work through the fabric of foreign societies. Imagining the impact of Hollywood in Portugal through the mediation of magazines allows us to identify forms of social change evolving in an apparently uneventful decade, and to grasp the contribution of feelings and attitudes in historical transformation.     

The weird tales,spicy detectives,and startling stories of Irish-America: Irish characters in American pulp magazines

The pulp magazines that dominated early twentieth-century American popular culture helped shape popular understandings of Irish-American identity. Several notable types of pulp hero (cowboy, detective, G-Man, masked hero) were defined in part by Irish stereotypes and counter-stereotypes. They played upon notions of the Irish as figures straddling the border between civilisation and savagery to evoke an image of a new kind of American who was well equipped for the rapidly changing and chaotic American century. Irish-American pulp stories often lack explicitly Irish cultural or historical references and instead focus on describing Irishness as a more generic Americanness. Similarly, the Irish-American character moved further from ethnic stereotype to become a generic masculine ideal. In several ways, the pulp magazines chronicle the formation of an assimilated Irish identity in the USA.     

Reception of the Easter Rising in British and American little magazines

This article examines the reactions of writers and readers to the Easter Rising in five British and American little magazines. The New Age, The Egoist, The Little Review, The Masses and The Phoenix have been chosen due to their links with Irish writers and culture, and because they were established periodicals that published over several years. Little magazines have been described as counterpublic spheres, in which oppositional opinions could be given voice against the conventional narratives of the mainstream. Though the politics of these journals was extremely divergent, collectively they operated as discursive spaces for a range of alternative voices. The reactions published in these journals give us a sense of the interaction between modernism and the Easter Rising in its immediate aftermath.     

明治时期日本女性杂志考略

女性杂志的诞生和发展,是日本社会近代化进程中的一个重要议题。明治时期是日本女性杂志的发端期,女性杂志在这一时期的日本女子教育中起着十分重要的作用;特别是在职业女性的养成方面,成为日本女性进入社会的主要途径。在这个意义上,关于明治时期女性杂志的考察,实际上也是近代日本女性生存状态的一种转型研究。     

‘Mother's Little Helper’: The Crisis of Psychoanalysis and the Miltown Resolution

This paper examines the discourse surrounding the release in 1955 of Miltown, America's first psychotropic wonder drug. According to many histories of psychiatry, Miltown heralded the arrival of a new paradigm in treating psychiatric patients – as a drug that operated on a neurochemical level, it was argued to replace a psychoanalytic approach with its focus on the mother‐child relation. Between 1955 and 1960, articles about pharmaceutical miracle cures for mental illnesses filled mass‐circulation news magazines and top fashion magazines. Through analysis of these representations, this article shows how the newly discovered pills came to be associated with existing concerns about conditions problematically referred to as ‘maternal conditions,’ ranging from a woman's frigidity, to a bride's uncertainty, to a wife's infidelity. Using these representations, the paper demonstrates how in American popular culture, psychoanalytic notions of motherhood prevalent in the 1950s shaped early understandings and uses of psychotropic drugs.     

清代前期淮安关税收的盈绌原由

清代康熙二十年代起开海贸易,海运日盛,南北商品流通量大增,原来由运河展开的南北商品流通格局变为运道和海道并行展开,海运量日增,运河量相形减少,淮安等榷关税收随之减少.清代前期特别是乾隆五年苏北海州青口豆船允准直接对渡江南太仓刘河,原来须经运河南下而在淮安纳税的苏北沿海豆粮改由海运南下,海州周围以至苏北更广地区商民取便就近从海道南运商品,更导致通过淮安的苏北商品量大减.商人采取各种手段违禁绕越偷漏税款,更严重影响淮安关税的如额征收.     

The Bajada Canals of the Safford Basin,Southeastern Arizona: Excellence in Prehistoric Engineering

A large network of exceptionally well-engineered prehistoric canals has been discovered near Safford, Arizona. Within an area of roughly 450 km², 12 distinct canal systems, comprised of 41 canals, have been identified originating in the bajada of the Pinaleño Mountains. Conveying water from runoff and springs, the longest canal is about 13?km, and the total length of all systems exceeds 125?km. While a few canals may date to ca. a.d. 1100, the vast majority date to between ca. a.d. 1250 and 1450 and appear to be constructed by migrants from northeastern Arizona. These features represent the second largest network of canal systems in the American Southwest, and, while smaller in size and total length than the canal systems of the Phoenix Basin, they exhibit engineering sophistication not found in those systems. These canals have expanded the knowledge of prehistoric water management engineering and agricultural intensification in the American Southwest.