OxCal校正软件在考古年代学中的应用

OxCal校正软件是一款常用的处理碳十四数据的程序,拥有72个基本指令与若干模型.该软件的基本指令有两种,分别是赋值型指令和结构型指令.OxCal校正软件运用在具体考古遗址(如王城岗龙山文化城墙和城壕以及古埃及阿马尔纳遗址)研究中时,要注意序列或阶段的选择.     

Mesh Is More—Using All Geometric Dimensions for the Archaeological Analysis and Interpretative Mapping of 3D Surfaces

In various disciplines, particularly those that utilise techniques developed in the geosciences, the display, analysis and interpretation of three-dimensional (3D) data is very important. This is also the case in archaeology. Irrespective of a site- or landscape-centred point of focus, archaeology deals with very complex surfaces and always examines traces of past human presence in three geometrical dimensions. Visualising these detailed geometric environments is not that much of an issue anymore; however, interactively interpreting and mapping them is still problematic. Despite the steady increase in technologies to create 3D models, there is still a serious lack of tools that allow for easy interaction with these models in a metrical and coordinate system-aware environment. As a result, most—if not all—interpretation workflows will first downscale 3D data to two-and-a-half-dimensional (2.5D) or 2D data sets, thus effectively discarding up to one geometrical dimension. To enable or enhance the perception of topographic characteristics in these geometrically compromised datasets, various visualisation techniques have been developed to artificially restore and enhance the data that was initially discarded. While these techniques work very well to enhance the remaining pertinent features present in such data sets, data downscaling can nevertheless irrevocably eliminate significant amounts of important archaeological information. Therefore, this paper outlines a new processing and interpretation pipeline for complex archaeological 3D surfaces that do not rely on downscaling of data, while also discussing several 3D-related concepts and issues along the way. More specifically, this article focusses on the generation of intelligently decimated, two-manifold triangular meshes and the subsequent geo-referenced 3D interpretative mapping of these surfaces. Furthermore, all applications can be considered low- and even no-cost, making this a readily implemented processing and interpretation workflow. Additionally, all software packages are easy to learn and flexible enough for implementation in any existing mixed software pipeline.     

New Developments in the Use of Spatial Technology in Archaeology

Spatial technology is integral to how archaeologists collect, store, analyze, and represent information in digital data sets. Recent advances have improved our ability to look for and identify archaeological remains and have increased the size and complexity of our data sets. In this review we outline trends in visualization, data management, archaeological prospecting, modeling, and spatial analysis, as well as key advances in hardware and software. Due to developments in education, information technology, and landscape archaeology, the implementation of spatial technology has begun to move beyond superficial applications and is no longer limited to environmental deterministic approaches. In the future, spatial technology will increasingly change archaeology in ways that will enable us to become better practitioners, scholars, and stewards.     

基于Remake的三维建模技术在摩崖石刻数字化重建中的应用

由于长期暴露于自然环境中,许多摩崖石刻在日晒雨淋、风沙磨蚀等多种因素作用下不断风化,前景堪忧。因此,当务之急是采取有效的措施保护和保存这类珍贵的文化遗产。数字化三维重建技术能够完整地保存石刻现状,为日后的维护、修复和学术研究提供真实、详尽的科学依据。基于Remake三维建模技术的方法与特点,本工作探讨该技术在摩崖石刻数字化重建中的应用。以广西桂林"桂海碑林"内的石刻为研究对象,运用Remake软件对数字相机获取的数字影像进行处理,对摩崖石刻进行快速精确的逆向建模。同时,将三维扫描仪获取的点云数据与本研究获取的模型数据进行同名点精度检测,分析Remake三维重建的精度。三维模型数据可以作为数字档案进行存档和展示,加强对摩崖石刻类文物的保护措施,具有重要的意义。     

On the similarity of tree‐ring patterns: Assessing the influence of semi‐synchronous growth changes on the Gleichläufigkeitskoeffizient for big tree‐ring data sets

The Gleichläufigkeitskoeffizient (GLK), or the percentage of parallel variation (%PV), is an often used non‐parametric similarity measure in dendrochronological research. However, when analysing big data sets using the GLK, this measure has some issues. The main problem is that it includes not only synchronous but also semi‐synchronous growth changes. These are years in which the growth in one of the compared series does not change in two subsequent years. This influences the GLK, often only slightly, but the larger the data set the stronger the effect. The similarity between tree‐ring series can be more objectively expressed by replacing the GLK with the synchronous (SGC) and semi‐synchronous growth changes (SSGC). The calculation is similar, since GLK = SGC + SSGC/2. Large values of the SSGC are indicative of possible anomalies or even errors. The SGC is much better suited than the GLK to describe similarity. The SGC should therefore be used to analyse big data sets, for clustering and/or dendroprovenance studies. It is recommended to combine the SGC with parametric measures.     

Bayesian Areal Wombling for Geographical Boundary Analysis

In the analysis of spatially referenced data, interest often focuses not on prediction of the spatially indexed variable itself, but on boundary analysis , that is, the determination of boundaries on the map that separate areas of higher and lower values. Existing boundary analysis methods are sometimes generically referred to as wombling , after a foundational article by Womble (1951). When data are available at point level (e.g., exact latitude and longitude of disease cases), such boundaries are most naturally obtained by locating the points of steepest ascent or descent on the fitted spatial surface (Banerjee, Gelfand, and Sirmans 2003). In this article, we propose related methods for areal data (i.e., data which consist only of sums or averages over geopolitical regions). Such methods are valuable in determining boundaries for data sets that, perhaps due to confidentiality concerns, are available only in ecological (aggregated) format, or are only collected this way (e.g., delivery of health-care or cost information). After a brief review of existing algorithmic techniques (including that implemented in the commercial software BoundarySeer), we propose a fully model-based framework for areal wombling, using Bayesian hierarchical models with posterior summaries computed using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. We explore the suitability of various existing hierarchical and spatial software packages (notably S-plus and WinBUGS) to the task, and show the approach's superiority over existing nonstochastic alternatives, both in terms of utility and average mean square error behavior. We also illustrate our methods (as well as the solution of advanced modeling issues such as simultaneous inference) using colorectal cancer late detection data collected at the county level in the state of Minnesota.     

The automatic production of space

This paper is concerned with the changing nature of space. More and more of the spaces of everyday life come loaded up with software, lines of code that are installing a new kind of automatically reproduced background and whose nature is only now starting to become clear. This paper is an attempt to map out this background. The paper begins by considering the nature of software. Subsequently, a simple audit is undertaken of where software is chiefly to be found in the spaces of everyday life. The next part of the paper notes the way in which more and more of this software is written to mimic corporeal intelligence, so as to produce a better and more unobtrusive fit with habitation. The paper then sets out three different geographies of software and the way in which they are implicated in the reproduction of everyday life before concluding with a consideration of the degree to which we might consider the rise of software as an epochal event or something much more modest.     

A CONDITIONALLY PARAMETRIC PROBIT MODEL OF MICRODATA LAND USE IN CHICAGO

Spatial data sets pose challenges for discrete choice models because the data are unlikely to be independently and identically distributed. A conditionally parametric spatial probit model is amenable to very large data sets while imposing far less structure on the data than conventional parametric models. We illustrate the approach using data on 474,170 individual lots in the City of Chicago. The results suggest that simple functional forms are not appropriate for explaining the spatial variation in residential land use across the entire city.     

基于旅游线路的区域旅游流网络结构特征研究

随着中国-东盟自由贸易区的快速发展,泛北部湾区域旅游业合作也日益加快。社会网络分析以其独特的理念,弥补了传统旅游研究的个体主义视角,本文利用社会网络分析法,通过搜集相关数据资料,基于旅游线路视角对泛北部湾区域的旅游流网络空间结构进行分析,深入探究泛北部湾区域旅游空间网络结构特征,并在此基础上就推进泛北部湾区域旅游业合作发展提出了相应建议。     

A coarse Bayesian approach to evaluate luminescence ages

This paper develops a simplified Bayesian approach to evaluate a luminescence age. We limit our purpose to the cause-effect relationship between the age and the accumulated dose. The accumulated dose is given as a function of the age and several others parameters: internal radionuclides contents, gamma dose rate, cosmic dose rate, alpha efficiency, wetness, conversion factors, wetness coefficients, fading rate and storage time. The age is the quantity we are looking for. Bayes’ theorem expresses the changes on the probability distribution of age due to the luminescence study. The information before study (prior) comprises what is previously known about the age and the archaeological model (cultural period, stratigraphic relations, type, etc.) as well as the parameters of the physical model. The accumulated dose consists in the data describing the measurement. The various stages of Bayesian approach were implemented using the software WinBugs. Simulated data sets were used in various models. We present various small models representing typical examples encountered in luminescence dating.     

Linking Scottish vital event records using family groups

Abstract

The reconstitution of populations through linkage of historical records is a powerful approach to generate longitudinal historical microdata resources of interest to researchers in various fields. Here we consider automated linking of the vital events recorded in the civil registers of birth, death and marriage compiled in Scotland, to bring together the various records associated with the demographic events in the life course of each individual in the population. From the histories, the genealogical structure of the population can then be built up. Rather than apply standard linkage techniques to link the individuals on the available certificates, we explore an alternative approach, inspired by the family reconstitution techniques adopted by historical demographers, in which the births of siblings are first linked to form family groups, after which intergenerational links between families can be established. We report a small-scale evaluation of this approach, using two district-level data sets from Scotland in the late nineteenth century, for which sibling links have already been created by demographers. We show that quality measures of up to 83% can be achieved on these data sets (using F-Measure, a combination of precision and recall). In the future, we intend to compare the results with a standard linkage approach and to investigate how these various methods may be used in a project which aims to link the entire Scottish population from 1856 to 1973.     

The Latest Approaches and Concepts in Geography

The article discusses the present state of knowledge of the basic components of the heat balance of the earth's surface (radiation balance, loss of heat to evaporation, turbulent heat exchange) and the distribution of these components in time and space. Soviet research is concerned with applying heat-balance data to the study of physical-geographical processes (hydrologic regime, plant and soil cover), to the study of integrated geographic problems (geographic zonality) and practical problems (weather and hydrologic forecasting, the use of solar energy for productive purposes, and the use of heat-balance data for planning reclamation projects and other nature-transforming measures.)     

Applying bootstrapped Correspondence Analysis to archaeological data

This paper examines the usefulness of bootstrapping in Correspondence Analysis when applied to archaeological data. By simulating and displaying possible variation within the data sets, bootstrapping provides us with a means to assess the stability of our CA maps and influences the interpretations we can place upon them. Five real data sets are examined and the results discussed. The paper concludes that bootstrapping is a useful and powerful way of examining the results of CA and should be employed on a regular basis.     

中国著名旅游城市旅游业的效率研究

追求更高的效率是旅游城市发展旅游业的目标之一.本文采用三阶段DEA方法,选取2010年50个著名旅游城市为研究对象,对旅游业效率值进行测算.研究表明,剥离环境因素和随机因素的影响,城市旅游业效率从0.661下降到0.559,规模效率值从0.865下降到0.634,纯技术效率值从0.761上升到0.872,42个城市的旅游业规模效率值下降,33个城市的旅游业纯技术效率值上升.从调整的数据可以看出,规模效率对综合技术效率的影响和制约程度最强,纯技术效率相对较弱.最后针对旅游业效率值分析,提出扩大生产规模,实现资源集中配置的建议.     

A Combined Cluster and Interaction Model: The Hierarchical Assignment Problem

This article presents a new spatial modeling approach that deals with interactions between individual geographic entities. The developed model represents a generalization of the transportation problem and the classical assignment problem and is termed the hierarchical assignment problem (HAP). The HAP optimizes the spatial flow pattern between individual origin and destination locations, given that some grouping, or aggregation of individual origins and destinations is permitted to occur. The level of aggregation is user specified, and the aggregation step is endogenous to the model itself. This allows for the direct accounting of aggregation costs in pursuit of optimal problem solutions. The HAP is formulated and solved with several sample data sets using commercial optimization software. Trials illustrate how HAP solutions respond to changes in levels of aggregation, as well as reveal the diverse network designs and allocation schemes obtainable with the HAP. Connections between the HAP and the literature on the p-median problem, cluster analysis, and hub-and-spoke networks are discussed and suggestions for future research are made.     

Geospatial modeling of pedestrian transportation networks: a case study from precolumbian Oaxaca,Mexico

Using accumulated cost surfaces and various pathfinding techniques within Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software, archaeologists and other spatial scientists have developed increasingly sophisticated models of human movement. Despite their utility, these approaches can be limited because standard GIS software cannot model movement (1) from many origins to many destinations or (2) without specific origins and destinations. Absent these capabilities, it is particularly difficult to model networks of movement over a given tract of land if you are interested in obtaining a more general sense of movement dynamics, not specific site-to-site patterns. In this paper, we present an innovative way of modeling past movement that generates both natural-looking networks and also indicates the degree of traffic that may have existed on any particular segment of those networks. The “From Everywhere to Everywhere” (FETE) model generates networks based on topography and landcover without requiring that origin and destination points be supplied in advance. We apply the FETE model to a case from the southern Mexican state of Oaxaca, a region that has extensive archaeological and ethnohistoric data sets that serve as a test of the efficacy of our technique. A comparison of the FETE output with known late precolumbian and early colonial movement corridors indicates that the method is effective and should be useful for modeling networks in other areas.     

How to improve the quality of life in peripheral and lagging regions by policy measures? Examining the effects of two different policies in Germany

Peripheral regions commonly appear to be less attractive to live in and policymakers all over the world are applying various measures to make them more attractive. This paper analyzes the effects of two very different measures: The German municipal fiscal equalization scheme and the German structural funds for economically weak areas (GRW). It focusses on the impact on perceived quality of life, measured through interregional migration between German labor market regions. Using a spatial vector autoregressive panel model, we find evidence that equalization transfers have a significant positive impact on regional net migration and contribute to the aim of regional equity. These effects are especially found for regions with low endogenous fiscal capacities. GRW funding reveals no significant effects on net migration rates in total, but short-term effects in rural regions.     

A comparison of multiple proxy data sets for paleoenvironmental conditions as derived from freshwater bivalve (Unionid) shell

Freshwater mussel shells from Middle and Late Holocene strata at an archaeological site in Mississippi, U.S.A., are examined for morphological and chemical differences that could be related to changing paleoenvironmental conditions. Although significant differences are noted, the different data sets provide contradictory or unclear results, suggesting that reliance upon single data sets is an unwarranted practice.     

Climatology of gravity waves in the middle atmosphere

An attempt is made at the statistical analysis of small-scale disturbances in the stratosphere and mesosphere with the aid of meteorological rocket observations at many stations from 77°N to 8°S for several years.By applying a high-pass filter to daily rocket data in the height range 20–65 km, wind and temperature fluctuations with characteristic vertical scales close to or less than 10 km are obtained, which are considered to be due to internal gravity waves. Results are expressed in terms of parameters which tend to emphasize smallscale vertical fluctuations and which should provide qualitative measures of gravity wave activity.It is found that the gravity wave activity shows a notable annual cycle in higher latitudes with the maximum in wintertime, while it shows a semiannual cycle in lower latitudes with the maxima around equinoxes. It is also found from the standard deviation around the monthly mean that the temporal variability of gravity waves is very large.     

South American camelid bone structural density: what are we measuring? Comments on data sets,values, their interpretation and application

Bone mineral data are used in archaeology to evaluate density mediated attrition or differential preservation of archaeofaunas. For South American camelids, there are different data sets of bone mineral content. To evaluate their utility, these data sets were applied to the analysis of density mediated destruction of five archaeofaunal assemblages from Formative Period archaeological sites in the southern Calchaquíes valleys (Catamarca, Argentina) in order to evaluate interpretations achieved as an ‘end user’. Both inter- and intra-bone element density related survivorship analyses are made, concluding that for fine grain studies more complete data sets and specific analysis are required.