故宫建筑内装修保护规划的程序与方法——《乾隆花园文物保护规划》序

乾隆花园(官方名称宁寿宫花园)文物保护项目是故宫博物院与美国世界遗产基金会正在计划推进中的合作项目。此前双方已经成功地进行着倦勤斋的保护项目。倦勤斋与乾隆花园古建筑中精美的内装修是保护的重点,这也是故宫博物院首次进行以修复内装修为重点的文物建筑保护工程。按照文化部2003年颁布的《文物保护工程管理办法》的规定,文物保护单位应当制订专项的总体保护规划,文物保护工程应当依据批准的规划进行。参与合作的专业人员遵循国内外文化遗产保护原则,在查阅大量文献和文物现状勘察的基础上,制订了《乾隆花园文物保护规划》。该文件目前还只有英文本,规划中涉及一些重要课题,如文物建筑保护应该遵循的程序,如何对古建筑内装修进行调查、记录与价值评估等,《序言》对此进行了归纳,对故宫文物建筑保护工作具有普遍的意义。     

当前文物建筑保护维修工程真实性问题的思考

在文物保护工程中,文物建筑维修保护的真实性主要体现在对真实性理念的理解、文物建筑现状的勘察分析、保护措施的制定、传统工艺的传承、维修材料的使用、维修定额的编制和采用、工程管理的科学合理以及相关技术的介入等。目前文物建筑保护维修工程存在着维修不到位、失去真实历史信息、改变原状、明显越制等一系列问题。加强传统材料、做法和工艺的研究、建立科学的文物保护工程研究体系;建立中国传统建筑研究中心或基地,提供全面、系统、连续的研究平台等,是实现文物建筑保护维修工程真实性的有效措施。     

国内资讯

中央财政设专项资金支持国家重点文物保护 7月2日,记者从财政部获悉,中央财政近日设立专项资金支持全国重点文物保护工作、促进文物事业发展。根据财政部、国家文物局联合发布的《国家重点文物保护专项补助资金管理办法》,该专项资金补助范围主要包括全国重点文物保护单位保护、大遗址保护．世界文化遗产保护、考古发掘、可移动文物保护以及财政部和国家文物局批准的其他项目。管理办法指出,该专项资金主要用于文物维修保护工程支出．文物考古调查、发掘支出．文物安防、消防及防霄等保护性工程支出．文物技术保护支出,文物陈列布展支出以及文物保护管理体系建设支出等方面。     

西藏文物保护四十年

在平均海拔3500余米的雪域高原上,散布着许多翎顶辉煌的庙宇和震撼人心的古人类遗址。西藏自治区成立以来,在中央政府的大力援助下,西藏文物保护从无到有,从小到大,文物保护工作顺利开展。2002年6月,中国政府建国以来最大的文物维修工程西藏三大重点文物维修工程布达拉宫、罗布林卡、萨迦寺维修工程正式开工。西藏文物的保护维修,使这些重要历史古迹得到了及时有效的保护,确保了它们的“延年益寿”。     

文物保护建筑初论

覆罩在文物之外、以改善其保存环境的文物保护建筑,是对文物本体干预小、具有可逆性和可识别性的不可移动文物保护的重要手段,国内外已有学者做过一些研究和实践,有成功的经验,也有失败的教训。文物保护建筑根据其保护对象的不同,有遗址类和非遗址类保护建筑之分,后者还有独体类和连山类保护建筑之别。不同的保护对象,保护建筑的设计要求也有一些差异。根据文物保护建筑的共性,针对不同文物类型保护建筑的个性,总结先前保护建筑设计、建设和使用过程中的经验教训,提出这类建筑设计应该注意的事项,以便今后通过学术讨论,形成文物保护建筑的设计指南。     

文物保护单位保护规划中文物本体及相关概念刍议

经过20多年的发展,文物保护单位保护规划在我国已成为落实保护理念、推动各项保护工作的基础性科技手段。但是,目前业界对于保护规划的基础性研究尚有欠缺,尤其在"文物本体"等基本概念的阐释或运用上,存在较大的模糊空间。作为文物保护单位中承载核心价值的物质遗存,"文物本体"是保护、管理、展示工作的重点,也是文物保护规划中最基本的概念,因此对文物本体及相关概念进行辨析和准确界定,是相当必要的。     

河北省十项“九·五”文物维修优秀工程评选揭晓

近日,河北省十项“九·五”文物维修优秀工程评选揭晓：山海关镇东楼修缮工程、京沈高速公路穿越山海关长城段、长城加固工程、正定广惠寺华塔维修工程、清东陵景陵隆恩殿维修工程、清西陵崇陵东配殿修复工程、清西陵端王园寝维修、承德普乐寺旭光阁整修工程、邢台清风楼维修、石家庄毗卢寺释迦殿维修工程等10项榜上有名。这是建国以来由省文物局组织有关专家开展的首次文物修缮工程评选活动。河北是文物大省,是中华文明的发祥地之一,地上、地下文物遗存非常丰富,全国重点文物保护单位58处,省级文物保护单位670处。文物建筑是一定历史…     

文物健康体检在北京地区不可移动文物保护实践中的应用探索

预防性保护领域的研究与实践目前在国内仍处于起步探索阶段,大多数实践集中在对"明星"文物的保护,即对高保护级别的全国重点文物保护单位或世界文化遗产的综合性评估、监测和检测等。相比之下,对数量极其庞大的省市区县级文物保护单位和其他登记在册的不可移动文物,预防性保护实践却少之又少,特别是以区域不可移动文物整体为对象的"预防性维护"目前依然是空白。北京大兴、昌平及房山等地区的建筑遗产预防性保护实践显示,从基层的直接需求出发,以"文物健康体检"为形式,运用数字技术、开发云数据库作为记录、分析工具,建立工作指标,可探索建立一套快速有效、推广性强的区域不可移动文物风险筛查的预防性保护方法。     

关于基本建设中地下文物保护的法律思考

地下文物保护历来是文物保护工作的重点,而基本建设中的地下文物保护则是整个地下文物保护工作的主要组成部分。《中华人民共和国文物保护法》（以下简称《文物法》）第二次修订时对基本建设中地下文物保护的法律规定进行了修改,进一步明确了建设单位保护文物的义务和责任。但笔者认为《文物法》在此方面仍存在缺陷。近年来基本建设工程频繁,动辄就是上百亩、上千亩甚至跨县、跨省的大工程,地下文物保护工作任务艰巨而复杂,     

坚持科学发展观,不断提升南水北调文物保护工作的水平

"南水北调工程是我国水利工程史上的一次壮举,无论是工程规模还是设计与施工的水平,在世界水利工程建设方面都将留下宝贵的财富".从文物保护角度看,国家文物局单霁翔局长说:"文物发掘和保护的意义比工程本身还大[1]".而要做好南水北调文物保护工作,不断提升南水北调工程文物保护工作的水平,就必须深入贯彻科学发展观和"保护为主,抢救第一,合理利用,加强管理"的文物方针[2],不断解放思想,只争朝夕,恪尽职守,克难奋进,开拓创新,正确处理好以下五个方面的关系.     

Preservation and Rescue

Abstract

Shell bead manufacturing on California's northern Channel Islands apparently played a critical role in the rise of a simple chiefdom and the operation of a lively regional exchange economy. Recent research has focused on expanding our understanding of the economic and sociopolitical context of this rich tradition of shell bead production and the means by which bead makers articulated with other specialists, elites, and consumers. Analyses suggest that bead makers were specialists, yet we find that widely used concepts of independent and attached specialization are difficult to apply to the Channel Islands case for a number of reasons. We explore these reasons and suggest a simplification of definitions of specialization so they better accommodate variability in the archaeological record. Analysis of several dimensions of bead production data from the region illustrates a dramatic increase in intensity of bead production and a shift from the manufacture of simpler to more labor-intensive bead types at ca. A.C. 1150-1300. These changes appear linked to the emergence of elites approximately seven or eight centuries ago in this region.     

Long-Term Preservation of Dendroarchaeological Specimens and In Situ Preservation: Problems and Practical Solutions

Abstract

Dendrochronology offers a unique opportunity to address archaeological questions with minimal invasiveness. Often, archaeological tree-ring sampling, and occasionally analysis itself, can be performed while the larger structure or object remains in situ. In comparison to the costs and benefits of excavation (complete or partial) and a growing international call for in situ preservation, dendrochronology provides an effective compromise for the interpretation of wooden material culture.

The current number of archaeological tree-ring specimens worldwide probably exceeds 2,000,000. These specimens have been obtained from thousands of historic buildings, shipwrecks, and other sites and artefacts. These specimens are housed by a variety of public and private entities: museums, universities, governments, private corporations, and individuals. Despite their importance as vouchers for archaeological dates and great potential for future use and new applications, generally little attention has been paid to the long-term curation of tree-ring specimens. This paper identifies some pressing curation problems and suggests that the value and nature of dendroarchaeological research is compatible with international calls for in situ preservation. Some practical suggestions, provided here, could drastically improve the long-term curation of dendroarchaeological specimens, further demonstrating the methodology as a viable and valuable partner to in situ preservation.     

Preservation in Industrial Archaeology

Abstract

Much of the recent interest in Industrial Archaeology has grown out of the preservation movement: the standing of the subject, in the eyes of the world, is particularly influenced by our choices for preservation and the methods of presentation which we employ. It therefore behoves us to ensure a proper theoretical basis for industrial preservation. This paper offers some suggestions for much needed guidelines concerning the rational selection and treatment of those industrial remains which ought to be preserved. The question of 'total environment preservation' is also considered.     

Preservation of fungi in archaeological charcoal

During the analysis of wood charcoal remains from archaeological sites, it is common to find different microorganisms and different forms of degradation present in the plant tissue. However, one may encounter difficulties when attempting to identify these microorganisms and determine when their attack occurred. This paper focuses on preservation aspects related to the microorganisms in wood and demonstrates the structural changes that take place in different types of decayed wood after it was converted into charcoal. The study seeks to determine whether the microbial attack found in archaeological woods took place before the burning of the wood or after. Burning experiments were conducted using wood that had been decayed by various types of fungi including white-rot, brown-rot, and soft-rot. The laboratory burnt wood samples showed decay patterns that were comparable to those observed in archaeological charcoal samples, indicating that signs of fungal infestation and features of decay can be preserved after burning with micromorphological details of mycelium and cell wall attack evident. This indication may provide important information related to the gathering of deadwood as fuelwood. In addition, examples of decayed wood preserved in archaeological charcoal assemblages are described. Their relationship to the archaeological context and environmental conditions may suggest different interpretative models concerning wood management strategies applied by past societies.     

On the Preservation of Monumental Inscriptions

An extensive Late Iron Age settlement (SP 842430), with Middle Iron Age predecessor, was succeeded by an early Roman land management/drainage scheme accompanied by roads, and a timber bridge. This was followed by the construction of storehouse and barns adjoining a timber wharf, the whole encircled by an engineered river channel enclosing at least three ha, with an outlying cemetery. In the early/mid second century at least four, and possibly six, separate substantial stone buildings, all apparently of villa quality, were constructed over an area more than 250 m across. There were hints of a late Antonine destruction. Subsequently structural additions were made up to the early third century. Decline in the mid third century was followed by extensive rehabilitation in the late third/early fourth century, succeeded by slum/industrial conditions in the mid fourth, with iron working and smithing. Notable finds include parts of an early black and white mosaic, rib vault voussoir tiles, stamped tegulae, part of a luxury bronze folding tripod, a lead coffin, an anvil and a coulter. The pottery series extends from the middle Iron Age to the seventh century A.D., with a gap in the late fourth. Coinage extended from a stater of c. 40–20 B. C. to issues of the House of Valentinian, c. A.D. 375.     

考古发掘之后的文物保护

考古发掘是一项科学的研究工作,也是为了使地下埋藏的文物免遭建设性破坏的一种有效措施,有时则是一种不得已而为之的办法。多年以来,我国的考古发掘主要以配合基本建设工程为主,经过考古工作者的艰苦努力,大量的文物从隆隆的推土机下被抢救     

Preservation of DNA in ancient Egyptian mummies

The presence of DNA has been demonstrated in the cell nuclei of an ancient Egyptian mummy fragment. When extracted, this DNA proved to be degraded to a considerable extent and chemically modified. However, the preservation of nucleic acids in this specimen suggests that applying recombinant DNA techniques to the study of ancient mummified tissues might prove to be a fruitful future area of research.     

文物保护原则之探讨

文物保护原则是指导文物保护具体实践的理论基础。本文对不改变文物原状之基本原则的内涵进行了深入探讨,并且论述了考古现场文物保护和选择文物保护材料的原则。     

Partners in Preservation: University of Montreal Research for the Preservation of the Montreal School Board Historic Schools

Since 2000, the Master’s Programme in Conservation de l’Environnement Bâti (conservation of the built environment) of the Université de Montréal has been collaborating with the Commission Scolaire de Montréal (Montreal School Board) for the preservation of the city’s scholastic heritage. Research projects and other activities have been undertaken to raise awareness about these historic buildings and to find practical solutions to ensure their future. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, it will provide an overview of different research projects carried out within the framework of the partnership between the School Board and the master’s programme, concluding with the most important findings of that research. Second, it will describe the challenges facing the preservation of this vernacular public heritage, which—despite its modesty—is a significant part of the many neighbourhoods of Montréal.